Maidansky Andrey D
Belgorod National Research University, Belgorod, Russia.
Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia.
Psychol Russ. 2021 Aug 15;14(4):3-17. doi: 10.11621/pir.2021.0401. eCollection 2021.
Activity theory is the most powerful and influential current of Russian psychology in the world today. It considers the psyche to be a special form or function of object-oriented activity. The level of psychical development of a living being is directly proportional to the variety and freedom of its activities.
The aim of this article is to explore the key growth points in activity psychology through the analysis of arguments among its creators - S.L.Rubinstein, L.S.Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, and P.Ja. Galperin. Vygotsky dreamed of building a scientific psychology on the model of Marx's ; his project is resumed in this article.
The author traces how, due to Walter Cannon's experimental research, Vygotsky came to the activity concept of affect, in which he finds the primary "cell" of the psyche. The problem of the relationship between concept and affect became the central problem of his "acmeistic psychology." While Vygotsky focused on the affective reflection of activity in the subject, Leontiev focused on its cognitive side, directed toward the object. In the objective world, the psyche serves a person's material life-activity, performing a search-and-orientation function. Leontiev considered consciousness a structural projection of that activity, but Galperin argued that Leontiev never managed to overcome the dualism of consciousness and activity.
A new path to the realization of Vygotsky's dream is outlined. The proposed solution is based on Spinoza's concept of affect and the idea of freedom, interpreted as "the affect in the concept." (Vygotsky).
活动理论是当今世界上俄罗斯心理学最具影响力的流派。它认为心理是面向对象活动的一种特殊形式或功能。生物心理发展的水平与其活动的多样性和自由度成正比。
本文旨在通过分析活动心理学的创立者——S.L.鲁宾斯坦、L.S.维果茨基、A.N.列昂节夫和P.Ja.加尔佩林之间的争论，探索活动心理学的关键增长点。维果茨基梦想以马克思的理论为模型构建一门科学心理学；本文将重拾他的计划。
作者追溯了维果茨基如何因沃尔特·坎农的实验研究而得出情感的活动概念，他在其中找到了心理的基本“细胞”。概念与情感之间的关系问题成为了他的“巅峰心理学”的核心问题。维果茨基关注活动在主体中的情感反映，而列昂节夫则关注其指向客体的认知方面。在客观世界中，心理服务于人的物质生活活动，执行搜索和定向功能。列昂节夫认为意识是该活动的结构投射，但加尔佩林认为列昂节夫始终未能克服意识与活动的二元论。
勾勒出了一条实现维果茨基梦想的新路径。所提出的解决方案基于斯宾诺莎的情感概念和自由观念，并将其解释为“概念中的情感”（维果茨基）。
