Department of Economics, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, 67100, Turkey.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Apr;30(16):47090-47105. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-25577-6. Epub 2023 Feb 3.
This paper aims to investigate the role of globalization in ecological footprint for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries during the 1981-2015 period with the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) framework. To do so, unlike the existing literature, we follow a different path. Firstly, we test the environmental convergence (EC) hypothesis using the Phillips and Sul, Econometrica 75(6): 1771-1855, (2007) methodology. Then, we examine the impact of globalization and energy consumption on the ecological footprint (EF), and test the existence of the EKC hypothesis using the dynamic ordinary least squares mean group (DOLSMG) estimator. The convergence test results indicate that OECD countries do not converge to the same steady-state levels with regard to EF levels. However, we identify two convergence clubs that converging to a different steady-state equilibrium. The results of DOLSMG reveal that the EKC hypothesis is valid for both convergence groups. Furthermore, the impact of energy consumption and globalization on EF is higher for club 2, which includes developing countries.
本文旨在利用环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）框架，考察经济合作与发展组织（OECD）国家在 1981-2015 年期间全球化对生态足迹的影响。为此，与现有文献不同，我们采用了一种不同的方法。首先，我们使用 Phillips 和 Sul（Econometrica 75(6): 1771-1855, 2007）的方法检验了环境趋同（EC）假说。然后，我们考察了全球化和能源消费对生态足迹（EF）的影响，并使用动态普通最小二乘均值组（DOLSMG）估计器检验了 EKC 假说的存在性。趋同检验结果表明，OECD 国家在 EF 水平方面并没有趋同于相同的稳定状态。然而，我们发现了两个趋同俱乐部，它们收敛于不同的稳定均衡。DOLSMG 的结果表明，EKC 假说对于两个趋同俱乐部都是有效的。此外，能源消费和全球化对包括发展中国家在内的俱乐部 2 的 EF 影响更大。
