Bone and joint tuberculosis in paediatrics: a 13-year retrospective study.

Bone and joint tuberculosis (BJTB) is rare in developed countries, particularly in the paediatric population. The clinical features and sequelae of paediatric BJTB in Europe are not well characterized and should be assessed to achieve a better approach. To assess the management and outcomes of paediatric BJTB. Longitudinal observational study of all paediatric patients (0-17 years old) diagnosed with BJTB between 2008 to 2020 in a tertiary-care hospital. We identified 18 patients with BJTB, with a median age of 10 years (IQR 6-14.8), 66.7 % male. Most (72 %) were diagnosed after 2015 and were foreign-born (88.9 %), mainly from Portuguese-speaking African countries, and none had HIV. The most common symptoms were pain (77.8 %), fever (50 %) and bone deformity (44.4 %). Spinal TB (STB) affected 13 (72.2 %) and extra-spinal TB (ESTB) 9 (50 %) patients, and 4 (27.7 %) had both conditions. Diagnostic positive procedures included positive nucleic acid amplification technique (NAAT) (44.4 %), isolation (44.4 %) and compatible histology (33.3 %). All completed antituberculous drugs for a median of 12 months (IQR 12-13) and nine (50 %) had surgery. Overall, acute complications occurred in 16 (88.9 %) patients - 11/13 (84.6 %) with STB and 5/5 (100 %) with ESTB - and included abscesses, spinal compression, spine deformity and pathological fractures. Sequelae were still present at the 12-month follow-up in seven cases (46.7 %), and were more common in foreign-born patients sent to Portugal to receive medical treatment (66.7 vs 20 %). Paediatric BJTB is difficult to diagnose and has high morbidity, requiring long-term follow-up. Over the last decade, foreign-born TB seems to be increasing, with still longer treatment courses and more acute complications and sequelae.