Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamycka 129, 16500, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
Morrison School of Agribusiness, W. P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University, 7271 E Sonoran Arroyo Mall, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA.
Environ Manage. 2023 May;71(5):950-964. doi: 10.1007/s00267-023-01797-x. Epub 2023 Feb 9.
Adoption of agroforestry in the early spring under the green growth initiative programs, such as the Billion Trees Afforestation Project, has positively impacted crop productivity and plantation success in Pakistan. However, the timely adoption decision of agroforestry in the Hindu Kush Himalayan is still low, particularly among smallholders. Using a mixed-method approach, we examine the factors influencing smallholder households and community-level timely agroforestry adoption decisions. Findings show that the early and later decision-makers farmers had agricultural lands on riversides and primarily adopted agroforestry to protect their crops from devastating effects of winds and floods. In contrast, late adoption decision-makers adopted agroforestry for income diversification. Results of our logit model show that several household and community-level factors influence smallholders' timely adoption of agroforestry. The factors that positively affect the timely adoption of agroforestry include age-related factors, education, and the establishment/existence of functional community-based organizations. In contrast, political conflicts and tenure insecurity negatively affect smallholders' timely adoption of agroforestry. In-depth interviews with Village Development Committees members revealed that terrace farming, farms on riversides, communities without access to other energy sources, population growth, and low farm acreage ensured the timely adoption of agroforestry. The policy recommendations include strengthening collaborative efforts among community members, especially engaging educated old-aged farmers (elders of traditional communities) to increase adoption rates and land tenure security to ensure timely agroforestry adoption under the newly launched 10-BTAP.
在绿色增长倡议计划下，如“十亿树木造林计划”，早春采用农林复合经营，对巴基斯坦的作物生产力和种植园成功产生了积极影响。然而，在兴都库什喜马拉雅地区，农林复合经营的及时采用决策仍然很低，尤其是在小农户中。我们采用混合方法，研究了影响小农户家庭和社区层面及时采用农林复合经营的因素。研究结果表明，早期和晚期决策者农民在河边拥有农田，主要采用农林复合经营来保护他们的作物免受风和洪水的破坏性影响。相比之下，后期决策采用者采用农林复合经营来实现收入多元化。我们的逻辑回归模型结果表明，几个家庭和社区层面的因素影响小农户及时采用农林复合经营。积极影响农林复合经营及时采用的因素包括与年龄相关的因素、教育以及功能性社区组织的建立/存在。相比之下，政治冲突和保有权不安全会对小农户及时采用农林复合经营产生负面影响。对村发展委员会成员的深入访谈表明，梯田农业、河边农场、无法获得其他能源的社区、人口增长和低农田面积确保了农林复合经营的及时采用。政策建议包括加强社区成员之间的合作努力，特别是让受过教育的老年农民（传统社区的长者）参与进来，以提高采用率和土地保有权安全，确保在新推出的“十亿树木行动计划”下及时采用农林复合经营。
