Andriatsitohaina R Ntsiva N, Laby Patrick, Llopis Jorge C, Martin Dominic A
Mention Foresterie et Environnement, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.
Agrofor Syst. 2024;98(6):1659-1680. doi: 10.1007/s10457-024-00975-y. Epub 2024 May 10.
Agroforestry systems promise a high multifunctionality providing cash and subsistence yields as well as other ecosystem services. Such land systems may be particularly promising for smallholders in tropical landscapes due to high labour intensity and productivity on limited land. Focusing on Madagascar, we here describe the history of agroforestry in the country and review the current literature on agroforestry outcomes as well as factors promoting and hindering agroforest establishment and maintenance. From this, we discuss the potential future of agroforestry in Madagascar. Historically, many crops farmed today in agroforestry systems were originally introduced as plantation crops, mostly in the nineteenth century. Since then, people co-opted these crops into mixed agroforestry systems, often focusing on clove, vanilla, coffee, or cocoa in combination with fruit trees or, for clove, with livestock. Other crops are also integrated, but shares are comparatively low. Overall, 27.4% of Malagasy exports are crops typically farmed in agroforestry systems, providing income for at least 500,000 farmers. Outcomes of agroforestry for biodiversity and ecosystem services are commonly researched, showing benefits over annual crops and monocultures. Social-economic outcomes, including yields, are more scarcely researched, but findings point towards financial benefits for smallholder farmers and a sense of community and collective memory. However, findings emphasize that research gaps remain in terms of geographic and crop coverage, also for ecological outcomes. Looking to the future, we highlight the need to overcome hurdles such as land tenure insecurity, financial barriers to implementation, and unstable value chains to scale agroforestry in Madagascar to the benefit of multifunctional land systems and human wellbeing.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10457-024-00975-y.
农林复合系统具有很高的多功能性，能提供现金收入和自给性产量以及其他生态系统服务。由于劳动力密集且在有限土地上具有较高生产力，这种土地系统对热带地区的小农户来说可能特别有前景。我们以马达加斯加为例，在此描述该国农林复合经营的历史，并回顾当前关于农林复合经营成果以及促进和阻碍农林复合经营建立与维持的因素的文献。据此，我们讨论马达加斯加农林复合经营的潜在未来。从历史上看，如今在农林复合系统中种植的许多作物最初都是作为种植园作物引入的，大多是在19世纪。从那时起，人们将这些作物纳入混合农林复合系统，通常侧重于丁香、香草、咖啡或可可与果树的组合，或者对于丁香来说，是与牲畜的组合。其他作物也有整合，但占比相对较低。总体而言，马达加斯加27.4%的出口产品是通常在农林复合系统中种植的作物，为至少50万农民提供了收入。人们普遍研究了农林复合经营对生物多样性和生态系统服务的影响，结果表明其优于一年生作物和单一栽培。包括产量在内的社会经济成果的研究较少，但研究结果表明小农户能获得经济利益，并有社区感和集体记忆。然而，研究结果强调，在地理和作物覆盖范围方面，甚至在生态成果方面，仍存在研究空白。展望未来，我们强调需要克服诸如土地权属不安全、实施的资金障碍以及不稳定的价值链等障碍，以便在马达加斯加扩大农林复合经营规模，实现多功能土地系统和人类福祉。
在线版本包含可在10.1007/s10457-024-00975-y获取的补充材料。
