Milano Filippo, Borio Luca, Komposch Christian, Mammola Stefano, Pantini Paolo, Pavlek Martina, Isaia Marco
Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin Turin Italy.
ÖKOTEAM - Institute for Animal Ecology and Landscape Planning, Graz, Austria ÖKOTEAM - Institute for Animal Ecology and Landscape Planning Graz Austria.
Biodivers Data J. 2022 Aug 19;10:e87261. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.10.e87261. eCollection 2022.
The genus Joseph, 1882 (Araneae, Linyphiidae) includes 131 species, mainly distributed across the main European mountain ranges. The Alps and the north-western Dinarides account for 66 species, most of them showing narrow or even point-like distributions. The majority of spiders dwell in subterranean habitats including caves, mines, soil litter, rocky debris and other moist and shaded retreats. Despite being intensively studied from taxonomic, ecological and biogeographic standpoints, knowledge on the status of conservation and on the potential risk of extinction of these spiders is lagging. To date, only three species have been included in the global IUCN Red List, but their status has not been updated ever since their last assessment in 1996. The aim of this contribution is to assess the Alpine and north-western Dinaric species of the genus and to re-assess the species previously evaluated, according to the last version of the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
Amongst the 66 species here considered, 62 had sufficient data to allow the quantification of their Extent Of Occurrence (EOO) and Area Of Occupancy (AOO). Most of the species have a narrow distribution range, with an estimated EOO < 20,000 km and AOO < 2,000 km, meeting the thresholds for the inclusion in the threatened categories. Five species have a more widespread distribution (EOO > 20,000 km), extending across multiple countries. The quality of the data on distribution of four species was not sufficient to provide a reliable estimation of the distribution range.A continuing decline in EOO, AOO and habitat quality was inferred for 30 species. The majority of them were subterranean specialised species, with a reduced thermal tolerance and a low dispersal ability. Accordingly, changes in subterranean microclimatic conditions due to climate change represent a major threat for these species. Land-use change and habitat alteration were identified as additional relevant threats for several species.A considerable proportion of the species here assessed was found in protected areas and in sites of the Natura 2000 network. In addition, 14 species are formally protected by national and sub-national legislation. At present, 25 species are listed in the regional Red Lists.Long-term monitoring programmes, management plans for both the species and their habitats, expansion of the extant protected areas and designation of new ones, should be considered as the most effective approaches to species conservation.
1882年的约瑟夫属（蜘蛛目，皿蛛科）包含131个物种，主要分布在欧洲主要山脉。阿尔卑斯山脉和迪纳拉山脉西北部有66个物种，其中大多数分布范围狭窄甚至呈点状分布。大多数蜘蛛栖息在地下生境中，包括洞穴、矿井、土壤凋落物、岩石碎片以及其他潮湿和阴暗的藏身之处。尽管从分类学、生态学和生物地理学角度对这些蜘蛛进行了深入研究，但关于它们的保护状况和灭绝潜在风险的知识仍很匮乏。迄今为止，全球自然保护联盟（IUCN）红色名录中仅包含三个物种，但自1996年上次评估以来，它们的状况从未更新。本研究的目的是根据IUCN红色名录类别和标准的最新版本，评估该属在阿尔卑斯山脉和迪纳拉山脉西北部的物种，并重新评估先前评估过的物种。
在本文所考虑的66个物种中，62个有足够的数据来量化其分布范围（EOO）和占用面积（AOO）。大多数物种分布范围狭窄，估计EOO < 20,000平方公里，AOO < 2,000平方公里，符合列入受威胁类别的阈值。五个物种分布更为广泛（EOO > 20,000平方公里），跨越多个国家。四个物种的分布数据质量不足以提供可靠的分布范围估计。推断有30个物种的EOO、AOO和栖息地质量持续下降。其中大多数是地下特化物种，耐热性降低，扩散能力低。因此，气候变化导致的地下微气候条件变化对这些物种构成了重大威胁。土地利用变化和栖息地改变被确定为几个物种的其他相关威胁。这里评估的相当一部分物种存在于保护区和2000自然网络的地点。此外，14个物种受到国家和地方以下立法的正式保护。目前，25个物种被列入地区红色名录。长期监测计划、物种及其栖息地的管理计划、扩大现有保护区和指定新的保护区，应被视为物种保护最有效的方法。
