Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 3;20(3):2738. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032738.
Sustainable practices in rice cultivation require effective farming management concerning environmental and human health impacts. In this study, three rice cultivation systems, namely low-land, upland, and terraced rice in the Mae Chaem District, Chiang Mai Province, were assessed and the carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF), and human and ecotoxicological impacts were compared from pesticide application. The results showed that the highest CF intensity was observed in terraced rice with 1.15 kg COeq kg rice yield, followed by lowland rice (1.02 kg COeq kg rice yield) and upland rice (0.17 kg COeq kg rice yield) fields. Moreover, lowland rice cultivation generated the highest total WF with 1701.6 m ton, followed by terraced rice (1422.1 m ton) and upland rice (1283.2 m ton). The lowland rice fields had the most impact on human health and freshwater ecotoxicity, followed by the terraced and upland rice cultivation systems. The results also showed that most of the pesticides remaining in soils were chlorpyrifos (98.88%), butachlor (96.94%), and fipronil (95.33%), respectively. The substances with the greatest distributions in freshwater were acephate (56.74%), glyphosate (50.90%), and metaldehyde (45.65%), respectively. This study indicated that, with more agricultural inputs, higher CF, WF, human health impacts, and freshwater ecotoxicity were generated. Although the use of pesticides in the study areas did not exceed the recommendations on the packaging, glyphosate and chlorpyrifos are restricted in Thailand, so it is necessary to monitor their use due to their long-term health effects.
水稻种植的可持续实践需要对环境和人类健康影响进行有效的农业管理。本研究评估了清迈府湄昌县的三种水稻种植系统，即低地水稻、旱地水稻和梯田水稻，并比较了从农药施用角度来看的碳足迹（CF）、水足迹（WF）和人类与生态毒理学影响。结果表明，梯田水稻的 CF 强度最高，每公斤稻谷产量为 1.15 千克 COeq，其次是低地水稻（每公斤稻谷产量为 1.02 千克 COeq）和旱地水稻（每公斤稻谷产量为 0.17 千克 COeq）。此外，低地水稻种植产生的总 WF 最高，为 1701.6 立方米/吨，其次是梯田水稻（1422.1 立方米/吨）和旱地水稻（1283.2 立方米/吨）。低地水稻田对人类健康和淡水生态毒性的影响最大，其次是梯田和旱地水稻种植系统。研究结果还表明，土壤中残留的大部分农药是毒死蜱（98.88%）、丁草胺（96.94%）和氟虫腈（95.33%）。在淡水中分布最广的物质分别是乙酰甲胺磷（56.74%）、草甘膦（50.90%）和灭多威（45.65%）。本研究表明，随着农业投入的增加，产生了更高的 CF、WF、人类健康影响和淡水生态毒性。尽管研究地区使用的农药没有超过包装上的建议用量，但在泰国，草甘膦和毒死蜱受到限制，因此有必要对其使用情况进行监测，因为它们会对健康产生长期影响。
