《2005-2018 年美国参与妇女、婴儿和儿童特别补充营养计划的 1-4 岁儿童食物消费趋势》
Trends in Food Consumption Among Children Aged 1-4 Years by Participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, United States, 2005-2018.
机构信息
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD, USA.
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD, USA.
出版信息
J Nutr. 2023 Mar;153(3):839-847. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.016. Epub 2023 Jan 13.
BACKGROUND
In 2009, the US Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service's Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food packages were revised to include more whole fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lower-fat milk.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to describe trends over time in the consumption of fruits (total and whole), vegetables, whole grains, milk (whole, reduced fat, low-fat or nonfat (LFNF), and flavored), and added sugars, including breakfast cereals, by WIC participation status (current WIC recipient, WIC income-eligible nonrecipient, and WIC income-ineligible nonrecipient).
METHODS
Dietary intakes on a given day for 1- to 4-y-old children (n = 5568) from the 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed to examine trends in the percentage of individuals consuming and amounts consumed over time using linear regression adjusted for age, sex, and race and Hispanic origin.
RESULTS
From 2005 through 2018, the percentage of WIC recipients or WIC income-eligible nonrecipients consuming fruits and vegetables on a given day did not change, but the percentage of fruit consumed as whole fruit increased significantly among WIC recipients (36.4%-62.1%), but not among income-eligible nonrecipients. Among the WIC recipients, the percentage of consumption (5.5%-29.3%), the amount of LFNF milk servings consumed (0.1-0.4 cups), and the percentage of the total milk consumed as LFNF milk (4.8%-27%) significantly increased from 2005 to 2018. Conversely, the percentage of energy (12.3%-10.8%) and servings (11.4-10.6 teaspoons) from added sugars declined significantly. Among WIC-eligible nonrecipients, the servings of whole grains increased significantly, whereas servings and percentage of energy from added sugars declined significantly.
CONCLUSIONS
From 2005 through 2018, changes in dietary patterns for WIC recipients did not always mirror those of US children of the same age. The percentage of fruit consumed as whole fruit, and the percentage and quantity of milk consumed as LFNF milk increased significantly among WIC recipients, but not among income-eligible nonrecipients. J Nutr 20XX;xx:xx-xx.
背景
2009 年，美国农业部食品和营养服务部特殊补充营养计划（妇女、婴儿和儿童计划，WIC）的食品包进行了修订，纳入了更多的完整水果、蔬菜、全谷物和低脂牛奶。
目的
本研究旨在描述 WIC 参与状况（当前 WIC 受助人、WIC 收入合格但未受助人、WIC 收入不合格但未受助人）下，1 至 4 岁儿童的水果（整体和完整水果）、蔬菜、全谷物、牛奶（全脂、低脂、脱脂或无脂（LFNF）和调味）以及添加糖（包括早餐麦片）的消费趋势随时间的变化。
方法
使用线性回归分析了 2005 年至 2018 年全国健康和营养检查调查（NHANES）中 1 至 4 岁儿童在特定一天的饮食摄入量，以根据年龄、性别和种族和西班牙裔来源调整后，研究随时间推移个人消费的百分比和消费数量的变化。
结果
从 2005 年到 2018 年，WIC 受助人或 WIC 收入合格但未受助人在特定一天食用水果和蔬菜的比例没有变化，但 WIC 受助人食用完整水果的比例显著增加（36.4%-62.1%），但收入合格的未受助人则没有。在 WIC 受助人中，LFNF 牛奶份量（0.1-0.4 杯）和总牛奶消耗量中 LFNF 牛奶的百分比（4.8%-27%）的消费比例（5.5%-29.3%）、消耗的量显著增加，而添加糖的能量（12.3%-10.8%）和份量（11.4-10.6 茶匙）则显著下降。在 WIC 合格的非受助人中，全谷物的份量显著增加，而添加糖的份量和能量百分比则显著下降。
结论
从 2005 年到 2018 年，WIC 受助人的饮食模式变化并不总是与同年龄的美国儿童相同。WIC 受助人作为完整水果的水果消费比例，以及 LFNF 牛奶的消费比例和数量显著增加，但收入合格的非受助人则没有。J Nutr 20XX；xx：xx-xx。
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