Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia.
BMC Complement Med Ther. 2023 Feb 14;23(1):47. doi: 10.1186/s12906-023-03871-7.
Malaria continues to be a global problem due to the limited efficacy of current drugs and the natural products are a potential source for discovering new antimalarial agents. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate phytochemical properties, cytotoxic effect, antioxidant, and antiplasmodial activities of Sonchus arvensis L. leaf extracts both in vitro and in vivo.
The extracts from S. arvensis L. leaf were prepared by successive maceration with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, and then subjected to quantitative phytochemical analysis using standard methods. The antimalarial activities of crude extracts were tested in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain while the Peter's 4-day suppressive test model with P. berghei-infected mice was used to evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. The cytotoxic tests were also carried out using human hepatic cell lines in [3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay.
The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanolic extracts of S. arvensis L. leaf exhibited good in vitro antiplasmodial activity with IC values 5.119 ± 3.27, 2.916 ± 2.34, and 8.026 ± 1.23 μg/mL, respectively. Each of the extracts also exhibited high antioxidant with low cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extract showed in vivo antiplasmodial activity with ED = 46.31 ± 9.36 mg/kg body weight, as well as hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities in mice infected with P. berghei.
This study highlights the antiplasmodial activities of S. arvensis L. leaf ethyl acetate extract against P. falciparum and P. berghei as well as the antioxidant, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities with low toxicity. These results indicate the potential of Sonchus arvensis L. to be developed into a new antimalarial drug candidate. However, the compounds and transmission-blocking strategies for malaria control of S. arvensis L. extracts are essential for further study.
由于目前药物的疗效有限，疟疾仍然是一个全球性问题，天然产物是发现新抗疟药物的潜在来源。因此，本研究的目的是在体外和体内研究苍耳草叶提取物的植物化学特性、细胞毒性、抗氧化和抗疟活性。
采用连续浸渍法用正己烷、乙酸乙酯和乙醇提取苍耳草叶，并用标准方法进行定量植物化学分析。用体外法检测粗提取物对恶性疟原虫 3D7 株的抗疟活性，用彼得斯 4 天抑制试验模型检测感染伯氏疟原虫的小鼠的体内抗疟、保肝、保肾和免疫调节活性。用人肝细胞系进行[3(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-2,5-二苯基四唑溴化物]（MTT）试验进行细胞毒性试验。
苍耳草叶的正己烷、乙酸乙酯和乙醇提取物均表现出良好的体外抗疟活性，IC 值分别为 5.119±3.27μg/mL、2.916±2.34μg/mL和 8.026±1.23μg/mL。每种提取物还具有较强的抗氧化作用和较低的细胞毒性。此外，乙酸乙酯提取物在体内对疟原虫具有抗疟活性，ED=46.31±9.36mg/kg 体重，并且对感染伯氏疟原虫的小鼠具有保肝、保肾和免疫调节活性。
本研究强调了苍耳草叶乙酸乙酯提取物对恶性疟原虫和伯氏疟原虫的抗疟活性，以及抗氧化、保肾、保肝和免疫调节活性，同时具有低毒性。这些结果表明苍耳草具有开发成新型抗疟药物的潜力。然而，苍耳草提取物的化合物和传播阻断策略对于疟疾控制仍然是必要的，需要进一步研究。
