EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto (Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto), Porto, Portugal.
Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal.
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2023 Aug;36(4):1339-1348. doi: 10.1111/jhn.13151. Epub 2023 Feb 27.
Parental child-feeding practices have been associated with child body mass index (BMI) and specific food group consumption; however, their role in the development of dietary patterns is less understood. We aim to study the association between parental child-feeding practices at 4 years old and dietary patterns at 7 years that explain BMI z-scores at age 10.
Participants were children from the Generation XXI birth cohort (n = 3272). Three patterns of feeding practices at 4 years were previously identified: 'Perceived monitoring', 'Restriction' and 'Pressure to eat'. At 7 years, two dietary patterns were derived: 'Energy-dense foods', higher consumption of energy-dense foods and drinks and processed meats and lower consumption of vegetable soup (significantly associated with BMI z-scores at 10 years) and 'Fish-based', higher in fishery intake and lower in energy-dense food intake. Associations were estimated by linear regression models, adjusted for potential confounders (mother's age, education and pre-pregnancy BMI).
Girls whose parents used more Restriction, Perceived monitoring and Pressure to eat at 4 years were less likely to follow the 'Energy-dense foods' dietary pattern at 7 years (β̂ = -0.082; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: -0.134; -0.029; β̂ = -0.093; 95% CI: -0.146; -0.039; β̂ = -0.079; 95% CI: -0.135; -0.04, respectively). In both sexes, children whose parents used more Restriction and Perceived monitoring at 4 years were more likely to follow the 'Fish-based' dietary pattern at 7 years (girls: β̂ = 0.143; 95% CI: 0.077; 0.210; β̂ = 0.079; 95% CI: 0.011; 0.148; boys: β̂ = 0.157; 95% CI: 0.090; 0.224; β̂ = 0.104; 95% CI: 0.041; 0.168).
Children whose parents used more Restriction and Perceived monitoring at preschool age were more likely to follow healthier dietary patterns at age 7.
父母的喂养方式与儿童的体重指数（BMI）和特定食物组的消费有关；然而，它们在饮食模式发展中的作用还不太清楚。我们旨在研究 4 岁时父母的喂养方式与 7 岁时的饮食模式之间的关系，这些模式可以解释 10 岁时的 BMI z 分数。
参与者为 21 世纪出生队列（Generation XXI）的儿童（n=3272）。此前已经确定了 4 岁时的三种喂养方式模式：“感知监控”、“限制”和“强迫进食”。在 7 岁时，得出了两种饮食模式：“能量密集型食物”，更高的能量密集型食物和饮料以及加工肉类的消耗，以及蔬菜汤的消耗较低（与 10 岁时的 BMI z 分数显著相关）和“以鱼类为基础”，更高的渔业摄入量和更低的能量密集型食物摄入量。通过线性回归模型估计关联，调整了潜在混杂因素（母亲的年龄、教育和孕前 BMI）。
4 岁时父母使用更多“限制”、“感知监控”和“强迫进食”的女孩不太可能在 7 岁时遵循“能量密集型食物”的饮食模式（β̂=-0.082；95%置信区间[CI]：-0.134；-0.029；β̂=-0.093；95%CI：-0.146；-0.039；β̂=-0.079；95%CI：-0.135；-0.04，分别）。在两性中，4 岁时父母使用更多“限制”和“感知监控”的儿童更有可能在 7 岁时遵循“以鱼类为基础”的饮食模式（女孩：β̂=0.143；95%CI：0.077；0.210；β̂=0.079；95%CI：0.011；0.148；男孩：β̂=0.157；95%CI：0.090；0.224；β̂=0.104；95%CI：0.041；0.168）。
在学龄前使用更多“限制”和“感知监控”的儿童更有可能在 7 岁时遵循更健康的饮食模式。
