Estimating the mortality attributable to indoor exposure to particulate matter of outdoor origin in mainland China.

Previous estimations on the premature deaths attributable to indoor ambient particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM) of outdoor origin only considered the indoor PM concentration, which always neglected the impact from the distribution of particle size and the PM deposition in human airways. To tackle this issue, we first calculated the premature deaths due to PM was approximately 1,163,864 persons in mainland China in 2018 by using the global disease burden approach. Then, we specified the infiltration factor of PM with aerodynamic diameter < 1 μm (PM) and PM to estimate the indoor PM pollution. Results showed that average concentrations of indoor PM and PM of outdoor origin were 14.1 ± 3.9 μg/m and 17.4 ± 5.4 μg/m, respectively. The indoor PM/PM ratio of outdoor origin was estimated to be 0.83 ± 0.18, which was 36 % higher than the ambient PM/PM ratio (0.61 ± 0.13). Furthermore, we calculated the premature deaths from the indoor exposure of outdoor origin was approximately 734,696, accounting for approximately 63.1 % of total deaths. Our results are 12 % higher than previous estimations neglecting the impact from the distribution disparities of PM between indoor and outdoor. Regarding the cause-specific diseases, indoor PM exposure of outdoor origin accounted for 293,379 deaths to ischemic heart disease, followed by 158,238 deaths to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 134,390 deaths to stroke, 84,346 cases to lung cancer, 52,628 deaths to lower respiratory tract infection, and 11,715 deaths to type 2 diabetes. In addition, we for the first time estimated the indoor PM of outdoor origin has led to approximately 537,717 premature deaths in mainland China. Our results have well demonstrated the health impact may be approximately 10 % higher when considering the effects from infiltration and respiratory tract uptake and physical activity levels, comparing to the treatment that only used outdoor PM concentration.