Global Nutrition and Health, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Nutrition. 2023 May;109:111977. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.111977. Epub 2023 Jan 21.
A frequently suggested approach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) caused by food production is to reduce the intake of animal products, which can create nutritional deficiencies. This study aimed to identify culturally acceptable nutritional solutions for German adults that are both climate friendly and health promoting.
Linear programming was applied to optimize the food supply for omnivores, pescatarians, vegetarians, and vegans considering nutritional adequacy, health promotion, GHGEs, affordability, and cultural acceptability by approaching German national food consumption.
Implementing dietary reference values and omitting meat (products) reduced the GHGEs by ≤52%. The vegan diet was alone in staying below the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) threshold of 1.6 kg carbon dioxide equivalents per person per day. The optimized omnivorous diet constrained to meet this goal maintained ≥50% of each baseline food and, on average, deviated from baseline by 36% for women and 64% for men. Butter, milk, meat products, and cheese were reduced by half for both sexes, whereas bread, bakery goods, milk, and meat were reduced mainly for men. The intake of vegetables, cereals, pulses, mushrooms, and fish increased by between 63% and 260% for the omnivores, compared with baseline. Besides the vegan dietary pattern, all optimized diets cost less than the baseline diet.
A linear programming approach for optimizing the German habitual diet to be healthy, affordable, and meet the IPCC GHGE threshold was possible for several dietary patterns and appears to be a feasible way forward toward including climate goals into food-based dietary guidelines.
减少食品生产导致的温室气体排放（GHGEs）的一种常见方法是减少动物产品的摄入，因为这可能会导致营养缺乏。本研究旨在为德国成年人确定在气候友好和促进健康的同时又具有文化可接受性的营养解决方案。
应用线性规划来优化杂食者、鱼素食者、素食者和严格素食者的食物供应，同时考虑到营养充足性、健康促进、GHGEs、可负担性和德国国家食物消费的文化可接受性。
实施饮食参考值并省略肉类（产品）可将 GHGEs 减少≤52%。单独的素食饮食符合政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）每人每天 1.6 千克二氧化碳当量的阈值。优化的杂食饮食受到限制以达到这一目标，保持了≥50%的每种基础食物，平均而言，女性偏离基线 36%，男性偏离基线 64%。男女两性的黄油、牛奶、肉类产品和奶酪均减少了一半，而面包、烘焙食品、牛奶和肉类主要减少了男性的摄入量。杂食者的蔬菜、谷物、豆类、蘑菇和鱼类摄入量分别增加了 63%至 260%。除了严格素食饮食模式外，所有优化的饮食都比基线饮食更便宜。
为了使德国习惯性饮食健康、负担得起并符合 IPCC GHGE 阈值，使用线性规划来优化饮食模式是可行的，这似乎是将气候目标纳入基于食物的饮食指南的可行方法。
