Bhardwaj Hemlata, Vasudeva Neeru, Sharma Sunil
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2024;23(2):215-231. doi: 10.2174/1871527322666230221115328.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major source of death and disability worldwide; however, its pathogenesis is no longer regarded as an immediate, irreversible process that occurs at the time of injury. Long-term alterations in personality, sensory-motor function, and cognition are common among trauma survivors. The pathophysiology of brain injury is very complex, so it is difficult to understand. Establishing models such as weight drop, controlled cortical impact, fluid percussion, Accelerationdeceleration, hydrodynamic and cell line culture, etc., to simulate the event within controlled conditions has been a critical step in better understanding traumatic brain injury and enabling improved therapy. Establishing effective in vivo and in vitro models of traumatic brain injury and mathematical models is described here as part of the discovery of neuroprotective techniques. Some models, such as weight drop, fluid percussion, and cortical impact, help us understand the pathology of brain injury and provide suitable and effective therapeutic doses of the drug. A chemical mechanism such as prolonged or toxic exposure to chemicals and gases causes toxic encephalopathy, an acquired brain injury that may or may not be reversible. This review provides a comprehensive overview of numerous in-vivo and in-vitro models and molecular pathways to advance the knowledge of TBI. It covers traumatic brain damage pathophysiology, including apoptosis, the function of chemicals and genes, and a brief discussion on putative pharmacological remedies.
创伤性脑损伤（TBI）是全球范围内死亡和残疾的主要原因；然而，其发病机制不再被视为在损伤发生时立即出现的、不可逆转的过程。创伤幸存者中常见人格、感觉运动功能和认知的长期改变。脑损伤的病理生理学非常复杂，因此难以理解。建立诸如重物坠落、控制性皮质撞击、液压冲击、加速-减速、流体动力学和细胞系培养等模型，以便在可控条件下模拟该事件，这是更好地理解创伤性脑损伤并实现更好治疗的关键一步。本文介绍了建立创伤性脑损伤有效的体内和体外模型以及数学模型，作为发现神经保护技术的一部分。一些模型，如重物坠落、液压冲击和皮质撞击，有助于我们了解脑损伤的病理，并提供合适且有效的药物治疗剂量。化学物质和气体的长期或有毒暴露等化学机制会导致中毒性脑病，这是一种后天性脑损伤，可能可逆也可能不可逆。本综述全面概述了众多体内和体外模型以及分子途径，以增进对TBI的认识。它涵盖了创伤性脑损伤的病理生理学，包括细胞凋亡、化学物质和基因的功能，并简要讨论了假定的药物治疗方法。
