San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Escondido, CA.
K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.
Am J Vet Res. 2023 Feb 27;84(4). doi: 10.2460/ajvr.22.12.0224. Print 2023 Apr 1.
To determine the pharmacokinetics of a single bolus of intravenous (IV) propofol after intramuscular administration of etorphine, butorphanol, medetomidine, and azaperone in 5 southern white rhinoceros to facilitate reproductive evaluations. A specific consideration was whether propofol would facilitate timely orotracheal intubation.
5 adult, female, zoo-maintained southern white rhinoceros.
Rhinoceros were administered etorphine (0.002 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.02 to 0.026 mg/kg), medetomidine (0.023 to 0.025 mg/kg), and azaperone (0.014 to 0.017 mg/kg) intramuscularly (IM) prior to an IV dose of propofol (0.5 mg/kg). Physiologic parameters (heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and capnography), timed parameters (eg, time to initial effects and intubation), and quality of induction and intubation were recorded following drug administration. Venous blood was collected for analysis of plasma propofol concentrations using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at various time points after propofol administration.
All animals were approachable following IM drug administration, and orotracheal intubation was achieved at 9.8 ± 2.0 minutes (mean ±SD) following propofol administration. The mean clearance for propofol was 14.2 ± 7.7 ml/min/kg, the mean terminal half-life was 82.4 ± 74.4 minutes, and the maximum concentration occurred at 2.8 ± 2.9 minutes. Two of 5 rhinoceros experienced apnea after propofol administration. Initial hypertension, which improved without intervention, was observed.
This study provides pharmacokinetic data and insight into the effects of propofol in rhinoceros anesthetized using etorphine, butorphanol, medetomidine, and azaperone. While apnea was observed in 2 rhinoceros, propofol administration allowed for rapid control of the airway and facilitated oxygen administration and ventilatory support.
确定静脉注射（IV）异丙酚在 5 头南部白犀牛肌内注射依托啡、丁丙诺啡、美托咪定和阿扎哌隆后单次推注的药代动力学，以促进生殖评估。一个特别考虑的问题是异丙酚是否会促进及时经口气管插管。
5 头成年雌性动物园饲养的南部白犀牛。
犀牛肌内注射依托啡（0.002mg/kg）、丁丙诺啡（0.02 至 0.026mg/kg）、美托咪定（0.023 至 0.025mg/kg）和阿扎哌隆（0.014 至 0.017mg/kg），然后静脉注射异丙酚（0.5mg/kg）。给药后记录生理参数（心率、血压、呼吸频率和呼气末二氧化碳描记术）、计时参数（例如，初始效应和插管时间）以及诱导和插管的质量。静脉血采集用于在异丙酚给药后不同时间点使用液相色谱-串联质谱法分析血浆异丙酚浓度。
所有动物在肌内药物给药后均可接近，异丙酚给药后 9.8±2.0 分钟即可进行经口气管插管。异丙酚的平均清除率为 14.2±7.7ml/min/kg，平均终末半衰期为 82.4±74.4 分钟，最大浓度发生在 2.8±2.9 分钟。5 头犀牛中有 2 头在异丙酚给药后出现呼吸暂停。观察到初始高血压，未经干预即改善。
本研究提供了异丙酚在麻醉犀牛中使用依托啡、丁丙诺啡、美托咪定和阿扎哌隆的药代动力学数据和见解。虽然 2 头犀牛出现呼吸暂停，但异丙酚给药允许快速控制气道，并促进氧气给予和通气支持。
