Smeulders Naima, Cho Alexander, Alshaiban Abdulelah, Read Katharine, Fagan Aisling, Easty Marina, Minhas Kishore, Barnacle Alex, Hayes Wesley, Bockenhauer Detlef
Great Ormond Street Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK.
Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Kidney Int Rep. 2022 Dec 2;8(2):215-228. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.11.017. eCollection 2023 Feb.
Urinary stone disease is a common problem in adults, with an estimated 10% to 20% lifetime risk of developing a stone and an annual incidence of almost 1%. In contrast, in children, even though the incidence appears to be increasing, urinary tract stones are a rare problem, with an estimated incidence of approximately 5 to 36 per 100,000 children. Consequently, typical complications of rare diseases, such as delayed diagnosis, lack of awareness, and specialist knowledge, as well as difficulties accessing specific treatments also affect children with stone disease. Indeed, because stone disease is such a common problem in adults, frequently, it is adult practitioners who will first be asked to manage affected children. Yet, there are unique aspects to pediatric urolithiasis such that treatment practices common in adults cannot necessarily be transferred to children. Here, we review the epidemiology, etiology, presentation, investigation, and management of pediatric stone disease; we highlight those aspects that separate its management from that in adults and make a case for a specialized, multidisciplinary approach to pediatric stone disease.
尿路结石病在成年人中是一个常见问题，估计一生中患结石的风险为10%至20%，年发病率近1%。相比之下，在儿童中，尽管发病率似乎在上升，但尿路结石是一个罕见问题，估计发病率约为每10万名儿童中有5至36例。因此，罕见疾病的典型并发症，如诊断延迟、认识不足、专业知识缺乏以及获得特定治疗的困难，也会影响患结石病的儿童。事实上，由于结石病在成年人中非常常见，通常首先会要求成人医生来处理患病儿童。然而，小儿尿石症有其独特之处，以至于成人常见的治疗方法不一定能应用于儿童。在此，我们综述小儿结石病的流行病学、病因、表现、检查和治疗；我们强调那些使其治疗与成人不同的方面，并主张采用专门的多学科方法来治疗小儿结石病。
