Institute for Human Genetics, Epigenetics and Metabolism Lab, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2023 Apr;237(4):e13953. doi: 10.1111/apha.13953. Epub 2023 Mar 9.
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is reaching epidemic proportions. First line therapy approaches are lifestyle interventions including exercise. Although a vast amount of studies reports on beneficial effects of exercise on metabolism in humans per se, overall data are contradictory which makes it difficult to optimize interventions. Innovative exercise strategies and its underlying mechanism are needed to elucidate in order to close this therapeutic gap. The skeletal muscle produces and secretes myokines and microRNAs in response to exercise and both are discussed as mechanisms linking exercise and metabolic adaptation. Aspects of chronophysiology such as diurnal variation in insulin sensitivity or exercise as a signal to reset dysregulated peripheral clocks are of growing interest in the context of impaired metabolism. Deep insight of how exercise timing determines metabolic adaptations is required to optimize exercise interventions. This review aims to summarize the current state of research on the interaction between timing of exercise and metabolism in humans, providing insights into proposed mechanistic concepts focusing on myokines and microRNAs. First evidence points to an impact of timing of exercise on health outcome, although data are inconclusive. Underlying mechanisms remain elusive. It is currently unknown if the timed release of mykokines depends on time of day when exercise is performed. microRNAs have been found as an important mediator of processes associated with exercise adaptation. Further research is needed to evaluate their full relevance. In conclusion, it seems to be too early to provide concrete recommendations on timing of exercise to maximize beneficial effects.
2 型糖尿病的患病率正在达到流行的程度。一线治疗方法是包括运动在内的生活方式干预。尽管大量研究报告了运动对人体代谢本身的有益影响，但总体数据存在矛盾，这使得很难优化干预措施。需要创新的运动策略及其潜在机制来阐明，以弥合这一治疗差距。骨骼肌会产生和分泌肌肉因子和 microRNAs，以响应运动，这两者都被认为是将运动与代谢适应联系起来的机制。在代谢受损的情况下，昼夜节律生理学的各个方面，如胰岛素敏感性的昼夜变化，或运动作为重置失调的外周时钟的信号，越来越受到关注。深入了解运动时间如何决定代谢适应，对于优化运动干预至关重要。
这篇综述旨在总结目前关于人类运动时间与代谢之间相互作用的研究现状，为聚焦于肌肉因子和 microRNAs 的拟议机制概念提供深入了解。尽管数据尚无定论，但已有初步证据表明运动时间对健康结果有影响。潜在机制仍难以捉摸。目前尚不清楚肌肉因子的定时释放是否取决于运动的时间。microRNAs 已被发现是与运动适应相关过程的重要介导物。需要进一步的研究来评估它们的全部相关性。
综上所述，现在提供关于最大程度发挥运动益处的具体运动时间建议还为时过早。
