miRNA-Induced Downregulation of IPMK in Macrophages Mediates Lipopolysaccharide-Triggered TLR4 Signaling.

Inositol polyphosphate multikinase (IPMK) is a pleiotropic enzyme responsible for the production of inositol polyphosphates and phosphoinositide. IPMK in macrophages was identified as a key factor for the full activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway and inflammation by directly interacting with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Here, dynamic changes of IPMK levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and their functional significance were investigated. Both the mRNA and protein levels of IPMK were acutely decreased in mouse and human macrophages when cells were stimulated with LPS for between 1 and 6 h. Analysis of the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of mouse IPMK mRNA revealed a highly conserved binding site for miR-181c. Transfection of miR-181c mimics into RAW 264.7 macrophages led to decreased IPMK 3'UTR-luciferase reporter activity and lowered endogenous IPMK levels. When the genomic deletion of a 33-bp fragment containing a putative miR-181c-binding site was introduced within the IPMK 3'UTR of RAW 264.7 macrophages (264.7), LPS-triggered downregulation of IPMK levels was prevented. LPS treatment in 264.7 macrophages decreased TLR4-induced signaling and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. In response to LPS stimulation, K63-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6 was impaired in 264.7 macrophages, suggesting an action of IPMK in the suppression of TRAF6 activation. Therefore, our findings reveal that LPS-mediated suppression of IPMK regulates the full activation of TLR4 signaling and inflammation in macrophages.