Department of Clinical Nutrition, General Hospital Korgialenio Benakio, Athanassaki 2, 11526 Athens, Greece.
Department of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Peloponnese, New Building, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 4;20(4):2806. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20042806.
Ultra-processed foods are associated with chronic diseases, cardiometabolic factors and obesity. According to the NOVA system, foods are classified into four categories (from 1 = unprocessed to 4 = ultra-processed foods). The purpose of the present study was to assess the consumption of minimally processed foods (MPF) and ultra-processed foods (UPF) in university students and their relationship with obesity, Mediterranean diet adherence and meal patterns. In total, 346 students (269 women) of the University of Peloponnese participated. A food frequency questionnaire was used, and the MedDietScore was calculated. The % energy contribution of MPF and UPF was calculated. The identification of meal patterns was performed via principal component analysis. Both multivariate regression and Spearman's correlations were used to measure the association of UPF/MPF consumption with anthropometric indices (body mass index, BMI and waist circumference, WC), Mediterranean diet adherence and early/late meal patterns. UPF and MPF provided 40.7 ± 13.6% and 44.3 ± 11.9% (mean ± standard deviation) of energy intake, respectively. In multi-adjusted linear regression models UPF consumption (% energy) was positively associated with WC in men but it was not related to BMI (total sample, men, women). UPF consumption was negatively related to the MedDietScore (Spearman rho = -0.214, < 0.001) and an "early eating" pattern (Spearman rho = -0.120, = 0.029) and positively associated with a "late eating" meal pattern (Spearman rho = 0.190, = 0.001). MPF consumption was positively associated with the MedDietScore (Spearman rho = 0.309, < 0.001) and an "early eating" pattern (Spearman rho = 0.240, < 0.001). In conclusion, UPF consumption was positively related to WC in male university students. Nutritional and sociodemographic correlates of UPF consumption, such as low Mediterranean diet adherence and having a "late eating" pattern serve as a basis to better understand the UPF consumption-central obesity relation in young adults and should be considered in nutrition education programs for young adults.
超加工食品与慢性病、心血管代谢因素和肥胖有关。根据 NOVA 系统，食物被分为四类（1=未加工到 4=超加工食品）。本研究的目的是评估大学生对最低限度加工食品（MPF）和超加工食品（UPF）的消费情况及其与肥胖、地中海饮食依从性和进餐模式的关系。共有 346 名伯罗奔尼撒大学的学生（269 名女性）参与了这项研究。使用食物频率问卷计算了地中海饮食评分。计算了 MPF 和 UPF 的能量贡献百分比。通过主成分分析确定了进餐模式。使用多元回归和斯皮尔曼相关来衡量 UPF/MPF 消费与人体测量指数（体重指数、BMI 和腰围、WC）、地中海饮食依从性和早/晚餐模式的关联。UPF 和 MPF 分别提供 40.7±13.6%和 44.3±11.9%（平均值±标准差）的能量摄入。在多因素线性回归模型中，男性 UPF 摄入量（%能量）与 WC 呈正相关，但与 BMI 无关（总样本、男性、女性）。UPF 消费与地中海饮食评分呈负相关（斯皮尔曼 rho=-0.214， < 0.001）和“早吃”模式（斯皮尔曼 rho=-0.120， = 0.029）呈正相关，与“晚吃”模式呈正相关（斯皮尔曼 rho=0.190， = 0.001）。MPF 消费与地中海饮食评分呈正相关（斯皮尔曼 rho=0.309， < 0.001）和“早吃”模式（斯皮尔曼 rho=0.240， < 0.001）。总之，男性大学生 UPF 摄入量与 WC 呈正相关。UPF 消费的营养和社会人口学相关因素，如低地中海饮食依从性和“晚吃”模式，为更好地理解年轻人中 UPF 消费与中心性肥胖的关系提供了依据，应在针对年轻人的营养教育计划中加以考虑。
