Ostolaza Marta, Arrizubieta Jon Iñaki, Lamikiz Aitzol, Plaza Soraya, Ortega Naiara
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
Materials (Basel). 2023 Feb 20;16(4):1746. doi: 10.3390/ma16041746.
Multi-material structure fabrication has the potential to address some critical challenges in today's industrial paradigm. While conventional manufacturing processes cannot deliver multi-material structures in a single operation, additive manufacturing (AM) has come up as an appealing alternative. In particular, laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED) is preferred for multi-material AM. The most relevant applications envisioned for multi-material L-DED are alloy design, metal matrix composites (MMC), and functionally graded materials (FGM). Nonetheless, there are still some issues that need to be faced before multi-material L-DED is ready for industrial use. Driven by this need, in this literature review, the suitability of L-DED for multi-material component fabrication is first demonstrated. Then, the main defects associated with multi-material L-DED and current opportunities and challenges in the field are reported. In view of the industrial relevance of high-performance coatings as tools to mitigate wear, emphasis is placed on the development of MMCs and FGMs. The identified challenges include-but are not limited to-tightly controlling the composition of the multi-material powder mixture injected into the melt pool; understanding the influence of the thermal history of the process on microstructural aspects, including the interactions between constituents; and studying the in-service behaviours of MMCs and FGMs with regard to their durability and failure modes.
多材料结构制造有潜力应对当今工业模式中的一些关键挑战。虽然传统制造工艺无法在单次操作中制造多材料结构，但增材制造（AM）已成为一种有吸引力的替代方案。特别是，激光定向能量沉积（L-DED）在多材料增材制造中更受青睐。多材料L-DED最相关的应用设想是合金设计、金属基复合材料（MMC）和功能梯度材料（FGM）。尽管如此，在多材料L-DED准备好用于工业应用之前，仍有一些问题需要面对。受此需求驱动，在这篇文献综述中，首先展示了L-DED用于多材料部件制造的适用性。然后，报告了与多材料L-DED相关的主要缺陷以及该领域当前的机遇和挑战。鉴于高性能涂层作为减轻磨损工具的工业相关性，重点放在了MMC和FGM的开发上。所确定的挑战包括但不限于严格控制注入熔池的多材料粉末混合物的成分；了解工艺热历史对微观结构方面的影响，包括成分之间的相互作用；以及研究MMC和FGM在服役中的耐久性和失效模式等行为。
