Çetiner-Okşin Bengisu, Güzel Yasemin, Aktitiz Selin, Koşar Şükran Nazan, Turnagöl Hüseyin Hüsrev
Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye.
J Am Nutr Assoc. 2023 Nov-Dec;42(8):807-813. doi: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2183432. Epub 2023 Feb 27.
To determine the level of energy balance and energy availability (EA) in female basketball players during the preparation period.
Fifteen basketball players (age: 19.53 ± 1.3 years; height: 173.6 ± 8.95 cm; weight: 67.55 ± 14.34 kg; training experience: 9.6 ± 2.7 years) and 15 age and body mass index-matched controls (age: 19.53 ± 1.1 years; height: 169.4 ± 5.06 cm; weight: 63.10 ± 6.14 kg) participated in the study. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition were measured by the indirect calorimetric method and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, respectively. A 3-day food diary was used to determine macronutrients and energy intake while a 3-day physical activity log was used to determine energy expenditure. Independent Samples t-test was used for data analysis.
The daily energy intake and expenditure of female basketball players were 2136.5 ± 594.9 kcal·day and 2953.8 ± 614.5 kcal·day, respectively, indicating 817 ± 779 kcal·day of negative energy balance. One hundred percent and 66.6% of the athletes failed to meet the carbohydrate and protein intake recommendations, respectively. EA of female basketball players was 33.04 ± 15.69 kcal·fat free mass·day and the percentages of athletes who had negative energy balance, low EA, and reduced EA were 80%, 40%, and 46.7%, respectively. However, despite the low and decreased EA, the measured RMR to predicted RMR ratio (RMR) was 1.31 ± 0.17 and the body fat percentage (BF%) was 31.00 ± 5.21%.
This study shows that female basketball players have a negative energy balance during the preparation period which can be partly explained by insufficient carbohydrate intake. Although most of the athletes experienced low or reduced EA during the preparation period, the physiologically normal RMR and relatively high BF% indicate that this is a transient situation. In this regard, strategies to prevent the development of low EA and negative energy balance during the preparation period will contribute to positive training adaptations throughout the competition period.
确定女子篮球运动员在准备期的能量平衡水平和能量可利用性（EA）。
15名篮球运动员（年龄：19.53±1.3岁；身高：173.6±8.95厘米；体重：67.55±14.34千克；训练经验：9.6±2.7年）和15名年龄及体重指数匹配的对照组人员（年龄：19.53±1.1岁；身高：169.4±5.06厘米；体重：63.10±6.14千克）参与了该研究。静息代谢率（RMR）和身体成分分别通过间接测热法和双能X线吸收法进行测量。使用3天的食物日记来确定宏量营养素和能量摄入，同时使用3天的身体活动日志来确定能量消耗。采用独立样本t检验进行数据分析。
女子篮球运动员的每日能量摄入和消耗分别为2136.5±594.9千卡/天和2953.8±614.5千卡/天，表明能量负平衡为817±779千卡/天。分别有100%和66.6%的运动员未达到碳水化合物和蛋白质的摄入建议量。女子篮球运动员的EA为33.04±15.69千卡/去脂体重/天，能量负平衡、低EA和降低的EA的运动员比例分别为80%、40%和46.7%。然而，尽管EA较低且有所降低，但实测RMR与预测RMR的比值（RMR）为1.31±0.17，体脂百分比（BF%）为31.00±5.21%。
本研究表明，女子篮球运动员在准备期存在能量负平衡，这部分可由碳水化合物摄入不足来解释。尽管大多数运动员在准备期经历了低EA或降低的EA，但生理上正常的RMR和相对较高的BF%表明这是一种暂时的情况。在这方面，在准备期预防低EA和能量负平衡发展的策略将有助于在整个比赛期实现积极的训练适应。
