Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Monitoring & Restoration Project on Land (arable), Ministry of Natural Resources Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210018, China.
Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
J Environ Manage. 2023 Jun 1;335:117546. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117546. Epub 2023 Feb 25.
Antibiotics are widely used in medical care, livestock production, and aquaculture. However, antibiotic pollution has attracted increasing global concerns due to their ecological risks after entering into environmental ecosystem via animal excretion, effulent from industrial and domestic sewage treatment facilities. In this study, 30 antibiotics were investigated in soils and irrigation rivers using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer. This study evaluated the occurrence, source apportionment, and ecological risks of these target compounds in soils and irrigation rivers (i.e., sediments and water) of farmland system by using principal component analysis-multivariate linear regression (PCA-MLR) and risk quotients (RQ). The concentration range of antibiotics in soils, sediments, and water was 0.38-689.58 ng/g, 81.99-658.00 ng/g, and 134.45-1547.06 ng/L, respectively. In soils, the most abundant antibiotics were quinolones and antifungals with an average concentration of 30.00 ng/g and 7.69 ng/g, respectively, contributing to 40% of total antibiotics. Macrolides were the most frequently detected antibiotics in soils with an average concentration of 4.94 ng/g. In irrigation rivers, quinolones and tetracyclines, the most abundant antibiotics, accounted for 78% and 65% of antibiotics in water and sediments, respectively. Higher antibiotic contamination of irrigation water was primarily distributed in highly populated urban areas, while increasing antibiotic contamination of sediments and soils was particularly observed in rural areas. PCA-MLR analysis indicated that antibiotic contamination in soils was mainly ascribed to the irrigation of sewage-receiving water body and manure application of livestock and poultry farming, which cumulatively contributed to 76% of antibiotics. According to RQ assessment, quinolones in irrigation rivers posed high risk to algae and daphnia, contributing 85% and 72% to the mixture risk, respectively. In soils, macrolides, quinolones and sulfonamides were responsible for more than 90% to the mixture risk of antibiotics. Ultimately, these findings can improve our fundamental knowledge on contamination characteristics and source pathways towards risk management of antibiotics in farmland system.
抗生素广泛应用于医疗保健、畜牧业和水产养殖。然而，抗生素进入环境生态系统后，通过动物排泄、工业和生活污水处理设施的废水等途径，对生态系统造成了危害，因此引起了越来越多的全球关注。本研究采用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法，对土壤和灌溉河流中的 30 种抗生素进行了检测。本研究通过主成分分析-多元线性回归（PCA-MLR）和风险商（RQ），评估了农田系统中土壤和灌溉河流（即沉积物和水）中这些目标化合物的发生、来源分配和生态风险。抗生素在土壤、沉积物和水中的浓度范围分别为 0.38-689.58ng/g、81.99-658.00ng/g和 134.45-1547.06ng/L。在土壤中，最丰富的抗生素是喹诺酮类和抗真菌类，平均浓度分别为 30.00ng/g 和 7.69ng/g，占抗生素总量的 40%。大环内酯类是土壤中最常检测到的抗生素，平均浓度为 4.94ng/g。在灌溉河流中，喹诺酮类和四环素类是最丰富的抗生素，分别占水中和沉积物中抗生素的 78%和 65%。灌溉水中较高的抗生素污染主要分布在人口稠密的城市地区，而农村地区则明显观察到沉积物和土壤中抗生素污染的增加。PCA-MLR 分析表明，土壤中抗生素的污染主要归因于污水受纳水体的灌溉和禽畜养殖的粪便施用，这两者共同贡献了 76%的抗生素。根据 RQ 评估，灌溉河流中的喹诺酮类对藻类和水蚤构成了高风险，分别占混合物风险的 85%和 72%。在土壤中，大环内酯类、喹诺酮类和磺胺类对抗生素混合物风险的贡献率超过 90%。综上所述，这些发现可以提高我们对农田系统中抗生素污染特征和来源途径的认识，从而有助于进行抗生素风险管理。
