Sound velocity mapping from GHz Brillouin oscillations in transparent materials by optical incidence from the side of the sample.

Time-domain Brillouin scattering (TDBS) is an all-optical experimental technique for investigating transparent materials based on laser picosecond ultrasonics. Its application ranges from imaging thin-films, polycrystalline materials and biological cells to physical properties such as residual stress, temperature gradients and nonlinear coherent nano-acoustic pulses. When the sample refractive index is spatially uniform and known in TDBS, analysis by windowed Fourier transforms allows one to depth-profile the sound velocity. Here, we present a new method in TDBS for extracting sound velocity without a knowledge of the refractive index, by use of probe light obliquely incident on a side face-as opposed to the usual top face-of the sample. We demonstrate this method using a fused silica sample with a titanium transducer film and map the sound velocity in the depth direction. In future, it should be possible to map the sound velocity distribution in three dimensions in inhomogeneous samples, with applications to the imaging of biological cells.