"Distractor" effects in delay discounting of probability by pigeons.

Impulsive behavior can be measured by performance on a successive delay-discounting task, in which a response to a stimulus provides a small reinforcer sooner (SS), but in the absence of a response, a larger reinforcer later (LL). Previous research suggests that the presence of a concurrent "distractor" stimulus, to which responding has no programed consequence, can result in increased LL reinforcers. In the present experiments, we used differences in the probability of reinforcement between SS and LL (rather than magnitude of reinforcement) and tested the hypothesis that the concurrent stimulus may become a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus. For the Red-Only group, a response to the SS stimulus resulted in a reinforcer with a low probability (SS), whereas the absence of a response resulted in a reinforcer with a high probability (LL). For the Red-Green group, (analogous to the more typical simultaneous choice between an SS and LL stimulus) the absence of a response to the SS stimulus replaced the SS stimulus with the LL stimulus and a response to the LL stimulus resulted in the reinforcer. Thus, for the Red-Green group, the concurrent stimulus should have been less effective because responding to the concurrent stimulus was not immediately followed by the reinforcer. In Experiment 1, the concurrent stimulus was a yellow key-light; in Experiment 2, it was a houselight. In both experiments, the concurrent stimulus was effective in increasing the number of LL reinforcers and the effect was larger for the Red-Only group than for the Red-Green group.