Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2023 Feb 1;94(2):021103. doi: 10.1063/5.0127497.
X-ray phase contrast imaging (XPCI) provides enhanced image contrast beyond absorption-based x-ray imaging alone due to refraction and diffraction from gradients in the object material density. It is sensitive to small variations in density, such as internal voids, cracks, grains, defects, and material flow, as well as to stronger density variations such as from a shock wave. Beyond its initial use in biology and materials science, XPCI is now routinely used in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and high energy density (HED) research, first to characterize ICF capsules and targets, and later applied in dynamic experiments, where coherent x-ray sources, ultrafast x-ray pulses, and high temporal and spatial resolution are required. In this Review article, XPCI image formation theory is presented, its diverse use in ICF and HED research is discussed, the unique requirements for ultrafast XPCI imaging are given, as well as current challenges and issues in its use.
X 射线相衬成像（XPCI）提供了超越单纯基于吸收的 X 射线成像的增强图像对比度，这是由于物体材料密度梯度的折射和衍射所致。它对密度的微小变化敏感，例如内部空隙、裂缝、晶粒、缺陷和材料流动，以及更强的密度变化，如冲击波。除了最初在生物学和材料科学中的应用外，XPCI 现在在惯性约束聚变（ICF）和高能量密度（HED）研究中也得到了常规应用，首先是对 ICF 胶囊和靶标进行了表征，后来应用于动态实验中，需要相干 X 射线源、超快 X 射线脉冲和高时间和空间分辨率。在这篇综述文章中，介绍了 XPCI 成像形成理论，讨论了其在 ICF 和 HED 研究中的多种用途，给出了超快 XPCI 成像的独特要求，以及在使用中存在的当前挑战和问题。
