Ashrafian Hutan
Institute of Global Health Innovation, The Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, 10th Floor Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother (QEQM) Building, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK.
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Mar;37(2):101748. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101748. Epub 2023 Feb 15.
The Renaissance is recognised as an inflection point in history that led to the dissemination of innovation, science, philosophy, and the arts to spearhead a leap for global civilisation. Many of the greatest outputs from the Renaissance were presented in artwork which was able to champion elements of naturalism and realism, and therefore moved away from preconceived ideas. This included the portrayal of anatomy and pathology with an exactitude previously unseen in art. I note novel identification of goiters in multiple paintings of the foremost Renaissance genius artists and their originating artistic schools, those of Verrocchio, Lippi and Ferrara. These can be categorised through the proposed (i) 'da Vinci Sign' after Leonardo da Vinci, where the goitre is artistically presented as a loss or shallowing of the suprasternal notch recess or (ii) the 'Botticelli Sign' after Sandro Botticelli, where there is demonstrable cranio-cervical neck flexion that forward projects the visceral compartment of the neck that includes the thyroid to accentuate a recognisable thyroid enlargement. These are notable in the works of genius artists that include Verrocchio, Lorenzo di Credi, Filippo Lippi, Cosimo Tura and Francesco Cossa. Together, the work of these artistic geniuses add to the corpus of notable endocrine pathology in the Renaissance deriving from endemic iodine deficiency and autoimmunity. They demonstrate this profound extent of pathology within their artistic masterpieces and extend our admiration of the wider experience of Renaissance artists into the current era and beyond.
文艺复兴被公认为历史上的一个转折点，它推动了创新、科学、哲学和艺术的传播，引领了全球文明的飞跃。文艺复兴时期的许多伟大成果都体现在艺术作品中，这些作品能够宣扬自然主义和现实主义元素，从而摆脱了先入为主的观念。这包括对解剖学和病理学的描绘，其精确程度在艺术领域前所未见。我注意到，在文艺复兴时期最杰出的天才艺术家及其所属艺术流派（如韦罗基奥、利皮和费拉拉的流派）的多幅画作中，都有甲状腺肿的新颖呈现。这些甲状腺肿的呈现可以通过以下方式分类：（i）以列奥纳多·达·芬奇命名的“达·芬奇体征”，即甲状腺肿在艺术上表现为胸骨上切迹凹陷的缺失或变浅；（ii）以桑德罗·波提切利命名的“波提切利体征”，即明显的颅颈屈曲，使包括甲状腺在内的颈部内脏腔向前突出，以突出可识别的甲状腺肿大。在包括韦罗基奥、洛伦佐·迪·克雷迪、菲利波·利皮、科西莫·图拉和弗朗切斯科·科萨等天才艺术家的作品中，这些体征都很明显。这些艺术天才的作品共同丰富了文艺复兴时期因地方性碘缺乏和自身免疫导致的著名内分泌病理学内容。他们在艺术杰作中展现了这种深刻的病理学程度，并将我们对文艺复兴时期艺术家更广泛经历的钦佩延伸到了当代及以后。
