de Ruiter Naomi M P, Thomaes Sander
University College Groningen, University of Groningen.
Department of Psychology, Utrecht University.
Psychol Rev. 2023 Oct;130(5):1326-1338. doi: 10.1037/rev0000425. Epub 2023 Mar 6.
Mindsets of ability (i.e., "fixed" and "growth" mindsets) play a pivotal role in students' academic trajectories. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying mindset development. Identifying these mechanisms is vital for understanding, and potentially influencing, how mindsets emerge and change over time. In this article, we formulate a comprehensive theoretical model that purports to account for the emergence and development of ability mindsets: the process model of mindsets (PMM). The PMM is rooted in complex dynamic systems and enactive perspectives, which allow for conceptualizing psychological phenomena as dynamic and socially situated. The PMM accounts for how mindset-related behaviors, action tendencies, beliefs, and social interactions can become codependent and robust over time. We discuss how the model helps to further our understanding of the efficacy of mindset interventions and the heterogeneity thereof. The PMM has a broad explanatory scope, is generative, and paves the way for future process studies of mindsets and mindset interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).
能力心态（即“固定型”和“成长型”心态）在学生的学业轨迹中起着关键作用。然而，对于心态发展背后的机制，我们了解得相对较少。识别这些机制对于理解以及潜在地影响心态如何随着时间的推移而出现和变化至关重要。在本文中，我们构建了一个全面的理论模型，旨在解释能力心态的出现和发展：心态过程模型（PMM）。PMM 植根于复杂动态系统和具身认知视角，这使得我们能够将心理现象概念化为动态的且与社会情境相关的。PMM 解释了与心态相关的行为、行动倾向、信念和社会互动如何随着时间的推移而相互依存并变得稳固。我们讨论了该模型如何有助于进一步理解心态干预的效果及其异质性。PMM 具有广泛的解释范围，具有生成性，并为未来关于心态和心态干预的过程研究铺平了道路。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2025 美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
