Raza Hassan, Baron Cortes Linda M, van Eeden-Moorefield Brad, Khaw Lyndal
Department of Childhood Education and Family Studies, College of Education, Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri, USA.
Department of Family Science and Human Development, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA.
Aggress Behav. 2023 May;49(3):301-316. doi: 10.1002/ab.22073. Epub 2023 Mar 8.
Currently, the rate of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Pakistan is 29%, which is likely an underestimate. This study used mixed models to examine the effects of women empowerment, women and husband's education, number of adult women in a household, number of children 5 or under in a household, and place of residence on physical violence and controlling behavior, controlling for women's current age and wealth status. Nationally representative data collected from 3,545 currently married women in the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (2012-2013) was used for the current study. Mixed models were estimated separately for physical violence and controlling behavior. Logistic regression was also used to conduct additional analyses. Results indicated that women and their husband's education, and number of adult women in a household were associated with a decrease in physical violence, whereas women's empowerment, and women and their husband's education were associated with a decrease in controlling behavior. The implications and limitations of the study are discussed.
