Department of Educational Sciences, Section of Psychology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (COEHAR), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
J Addict Dis. 2024 Jul-Sep;42(3):219-229. doi: 10.1080/10550887.2023.2184302. Epub 2023 Mar 9.
The research proposes to investigate the psychological reasons that may explain women's addiction to smoking during pregnancy and the perception of combustible cigarettes, electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco cigarettes. The sample included 30 participants who smoke or people who previously smoked who chose to quit or continue smoking during pregnancy. The data was gathered via a semi-structured interview and developed from three research questions: feelings, opinions and perceptions of pregnant women toward e-cigarettes, heated tobacco cigarettes, and combustible cigarettes. The study used thematic qualitative analysis for the methodological formulation of the results. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research Standards (QRRS) checklist was used. In this qualitative research, three psychological reasons for the onset of smoking were found and analyzed: feelings of stress, nervousness, and loneliness. According to the results: 40.91% of the women who smoked combustible cigarettes decided to keep on smoking and 59.09% decided to quit, 16.67% of participants who use heated tobacco cigarette decided to continue during pregnancy and the remaining 83.33% decide to stop; lastly, there is a condition of fairness for adults who use e-cigarette, 50% decided to continue smoking during pregnancy and the other 50% decided to stop smoking. The data indicate that those who continue to smoke during pregnancy are participants who smoke combustible cigarettes, stating that they reduce the amount of smoke inhaled. Meanwhile, participants who use heated tobacco cigarettes or e-cigarettes are certain that they pose less risk than combustible cigarettes; nevertheless, most of them decide to quit smoking during pregnancy. Another important aspect that has been noted is that of formal abandonment treatments, as quite unexpectedly, there has been a unanimous recognition of strong distrust toward the possible risks to the unborn child. There is a lot of distrust and little knowledge of official smoking cessation therapies, and because of this, participants stated that they can quit smoking whenever they want and only with their own willpower. Five categories and related themes emerged from the thematic analysis, such as reasons for starting with themes such as stress, irritation, loneliness, adolescence and integration; reasons for attachment to topics such as habit and carelessness about one's health; perceptions of traditional cigarettes compared to e-cigarettes and heated cigarettes with related topics such as sensory experiences and side effects; feelings and use of official smoking cessation therapies with issues as willpower and knowledge; information on the effects of smoke during pregnancy and breastfeeding, including risk information.
本研究旨在探究可能导致女性在怀孕期间吸烟成瘾的心理原因，以及她们对可燃香烟、电子烟和加热烟草的认知。研究样本包括 30 名参与者，他们或曾经吸烟，或选择在怀孕期间戒烟或继续吸烟。研究通过半结构化访谈收集数据，并从三个研究问题展开：孕妇对电子烟、加热烟草和可燃香烟的感受、意见和看法。研究采用主题定性分析方法对结果进行了方法学阐述，并使用了定性研究报告标准（QRRS）检查表。在这项定性研究中，发现并分析了导致吸烟的三个心理原因：压力感、紧张感和孤独感。研究结果表明：40.91%的可燃香烟使用者决定继续吸烟，59.09%决定戒烟；16.67%的加热烟草使用者决定继续在怀孕期间使用，而其余 83.33%决定停止使用；最后，对于使用电子烟的成年人，有 50%决定在怀孕期间继续吸烟，而另外 50%决定戒烟。数据表明，那些继续在怀孕期间吸烟的人是可燃香烟使用者，他们表示会减少吸入的烟雾量。与此同时，使用加热烟草或电子烟的参与者则认为它们比可燃香烟的风险更小；然而，他们中的大多数人决定在怀孕期间戒烟。另一个值得注意的重要方面是正规戒烟治疗的问题，因为出人意料的是，人们对可能对胎儿造成的风险普遍存在强烈的不信任。人们对官方戒烟治疗方法存在很大的不信任和缺乏了解，因此，参与者表示他们可以随时戒烟，只要有自己的意志力即可。主题分析中出现了五个类别和相关主题，例如与压力、烦躁、孤独、青春期和融入有关的开始吸烟的原因；与习惯和对健康的粗心大意有关的对吸烟的依赖的原因；与感官体验和副作用有关的传统香烟与电子烟和加热烟草的比较；与意志力和知识有关的使用官方戒烟治疗方法的感觉和使用；关于怀孕期间和哺乳期吸烟的影响的信息，包括风险信息。
