Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Santa Marta, Colombia.
Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
J Med Internet Res. 2023 Mar 9;25:e42340. doi: 10.2196/42340.
In health professionals, negative stereotypes toward older adulthood have been associated with the difficulty in recognizing pathological processes and the refusal to care for older patients because of assuming that communication with them will be uncomfortable and frustrating. For these reasons, research on stereotypes in these groups has acquired growing importance. The usual strategy to identify and evaluate agist stereotypes is to use scales and questionnaires. Although multiple scales are currently used, in Latin America, the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Negative Stereotypes Toward Older Adulthood (Cuestionario de Estereotipos Negativos sobre la Vejez [CENVE]), developed in Spain, is widely used but without evidence of construct validity in our context. In addition, although in the original version, a factorial structure of 3 factors was found, in later studies, a unifactorial structure was obtained.
The objective is to study the construct validity of the CENVE in a sample of Colombian health personnel to clarify its factorial structure and concurrent validity. Likewise, the measurement invariance according to gender and age was studied.
A nonprobabilistic sample of 877 Colombian health professionals and intern health students was obtained. The data were collected online using the LimeSurvey tool. To study the factor structure of the CENVE, 2 confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models were carried out, one to test a single factor and the other to test the 3-related-factor structure. The factor measurement reliability was evaluated with the composite reliability index (CRI) and the average variance extracted (AVE). The measurement invariance was studied according to gender (men and women) and age (emerging adults, 18-29 years old, and adults, 30 years old or older). Using a structural equation model, the relationship between age and the latent CENVE total score was studied to obtain evidence of concurrent validity, since studies indicate that the younger the age, the greater the number of stereotypes.
The 1-factor structure was confirmed. The reliability results indicated that both indices show adequate values. Likewise, the existence of a strong invariance in measurement by gender and age group was verified. After contrasting the means of the groups, the results showed that men show more negative stereotypes toward old age than women. Likewise, emerging adults also showed more stereotypes than adults. We also verified that age is inversely related to the latent score of the questionnaire, such that the younger the age, the greater the stereotype. These results are in agreement with those obtained by other authors.
The CENVE shows good construct and concurrent validity, as well as good reliability, and it can be used to assess stereotypes toward older adulthood in Colombian health professionals and health sciences college students. This will allow us to better understand the effect of stereotypes on agism.
在健康专业人员中，对老年的负面刻板印象与识别病理过程的困难以及由于假设与他们的沟通将不舒服和令人沮丧而拒绝照顾老年患者有关。出于这些原因，对这些群体中的刻板印象的研究变得越来越重要。识别和评估年龄歧视刻板印象的常用策略是使用量表和问卷。尽管目前有多种量表，但在拉丁美洲，西班牙开发的《老年负面刻板印象评估问卷》（Cuestionario de Estereotipos Negativos sobre la Vejez [CENVE]）被广泛使用，但在我们的背景下没有结构效度的证据。此外，尽管在原始版本中发现了 3 个因素的因子结构，但在后来的研究中，获得了单因子结构。
本研究旨在研究哥伦比亚卫生人员样本中 CENVE 的结构效度，以明确其因子结构和同时效度。同样，还研究了性别和年龄的测量不变性。
获得了 877 名哥伦比亚卫生专业人员和实习卫生学生的非概率样本。使用 LimeSurvey 工具在线收集数据。为了研究 CENVE 的因子结构，进行了 2 项验证性因子分析（CFA）模型，一项用于测试单一因子，另一项用于测试 3 个相关因子结构。使用复合可靠性指数（CRI）和平均方差提取（AVE）评估因子测量可靠性。根据性别（男性和女性）和年龄（新兴成年人，18-29 岁和成年人，30 岁或以上）研究了测量的不变性。使用结构方程模型，研究了年龄与潜在 CENVE 总分之间的关系，以获得同时效度的证据，因为研究表明年龄越小，刻板印象越多。
确认了 1 因子结构。可靠性结果表明，这两个指标都显示出了足够的值。同样，验证了性别和年龄组的测量具有很强的不变性。在比较组之间的平均值后，结果表明男性对老年的负面刻板印象多于女性。同样，新兴成年人也比成年人表现出更多的刻板印象。我们还验证了年龄与问卷的潜在分数呈反比关系，即年龄越小，刻板印象越大。这些结果与其他作者的结果一致。
CENVE 具有良好的结构和同时效度，以及良好的可靠性，可用于评估哥伦比亚卫生专业人员和卫生科学大学生对老年的刻板印象。这将使我们能够更好地理解刻板印象对年龄歧视的影响。
