Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2023 Aug 1;55(8):1445-1455. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003159. Epub 2023 Mar 6.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder for which behavioral treatments such as exercise are recommended as part of a multidisciplinary treatment program. Exercise improves executive function in individuals with ADHD, but limited information exists regarding the mechanisms involved in the response. We examined task-evoked brain responses during exercise and seated rest in 38 adolescents ( n = 15 ADHD; age, 13.6 ± 1.9; male, 73.3%; n = 23 typically developing (TD; age, 13.3 ± 2.1; male, 56.5%)).
Participants completed a working memory and inhibitory task while cycling at a moderate intensity for 25 min (i.e., exercise condition) and while seated on the bike without pedaling (i.e., control condition). Conditions were randomized and counterbalanced. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy measured relative changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in 16 brain regions of interest. Brain activity for each cognitive task and condition was examined using linear mixed-effects models with a false discovery rate (FDR) correction.
The ADHD group had slower response speeds for all tasks and lower response accuracy in the working memory task during exercise compared with the TD group ( P < 0.05). For the inhibitory task, the ADHD group had lower brain activity in the inferior/superior parietal gyrus during exercise compared with the control condition, whereas the opposite was true for TD (FDR corrected , P < 0.05). For the working memory task, higher brain activity during exercise was observed, regardless of group, in the middle and inferior frontal gyrus and the temporoparietal junction (FDR corrected , P < 0.05).
Dual-task performance is challenging for adolescents with ADHD, and exercise may modulate neuronal resources in regions such as the temporoparietal junction and frontal areas known to be hypoactive in this population. Future research should examine how these relationships change over time.
注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种神经发育障碍，行为治疗（如运动）被推荐作为多学科治疗计划的一部分。运动可改善 ADHD 患者的执行功能，但涉及反应的机制的信息有限。我们在 38 名青少年（n = 15 名 ADHD；年龄，13.6 ± 1.9；男性，73.3%；n = 23 名典型发育（TD）；年龄，13.3 ± 2.1；男性，56.5%）中检查了运动和坐姿休息时的任务诱发脑反应。
参与者在中等强度下骑自行车 25 分钟（即运动条件）和在自行车上不踩踏（即控制条件）时完成工作记忆和抑制任务。条件随机和平衡。功能近红外光谱测量了 16 个感兴趣脑区的氧合血红蛋白浓度的相对变化。使用具有虚假发现率（FDR）校正的线性混合效应模型检查了每个认知任务和条件的脑活动。
与 TD 组相比，ADHD 组在运动时所有任务的反应速度较慢，工作记忆任务的反应准确性较低（P <0.05）。对于抑制任务，ADHD 组在运动时与控制条件相比，下顶/上顶叶回的脑活动较低，而 TD 组则相反（FDR 校正，P <0.05）。对于工作记忆任务，无论组如何，运动时大脑活动更高，都可以观察到中侧和下额回以及颞顶联合区（FDR 校正，P <0.05）。
对于 ADHD 青少年来说，双重任务表现具有挑战性，而运动可能会调节颞顶联合区和额叶等区域的神经元资源，这些区域在该人群中活动不足。未来的研究应检查这些关系随时间如何变化。
