Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
J Nutr. 2023 Jan;153(1):197-207. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.11.012. Epub 2022 Dec 21.
Choline, folate, and vitamin B12 are required for growth and development, but there is limited information on the intakes and relationships to biomarkers of status in children.
The objective of this study was to determine the choline and B-vitamin intakes and relationship to biomarkers of status in children.
A cross-sectional study was conducted in children (n = 285, aged 5-6 y) recruited from Metro Vancouver, Canada. Dietary information was collected by using 3 24-h recalls. Nutrient intakes were estimated by using the Canadian Nutrient File and United States Department of Agriculture database for choline. Supplement information was collected by using questionnaires. Plasma biomarkers were quantified by using mass spectrometry and commercial immunoassays, and relationships to dietary and supplement intake were determined by using linear models.
Daily dietary intakes of choline, folate, and vitamin B12 were [mean (SD)] 249 (94.3) mg, 330 (120) DFE μg, and 3.60 (1.54) μg, respectively. Top food sources of choline and vitamin B12 were dairy, meats, and eggs (63%-84%) and for folate, were grains, fruits, and vegetables (67%). More than half of the children (60%) were consuming a supplement containing B-vitamins, but not choline. Only 40% of children met the choline adequate intake (AI) recommendation for North America (≥250 mg/d); 82% met the European AI (≥170 mg/d). Less than 3% of children had inadequate folate and vitamin B12 total intakes. Some children (5%) had total folic acid intakes above the North American tolerable upper intake level (UL; >400 μg/d); 10% had intakes above the European UL (>300 μg/d). Dietary choline intake was positively associated with plasma dimethylglycine, and total vitamin B12 intake was positively associated with plasma B12 (adjusted models; P < 0.001).
These findings suggest that many children are not meeting the dietary choline recommendations, and some children may have excessive folic acid intakes. The impact of imbalanced one-carbon nutrient intakes during this active period of growth and development requires further investigation.
胆碱、叶酸和维生素 B12 是生长发育所必需的，但关于儿童摄入量及其与状态生物标志物关系的信息有限。
本研究旨在确定儿童的胆碱和 B 族维生素摄入量及其与状态生物标志物的关系。
本横断面研究在加拿大温哥华都会区招募了 285 名（年龄 5-6 岁）儿童。通过 3 次 24 小时回顾法收集饮食信息。通过加拿大营养素文件和美国农业部数据库估算营养素摄入量，用于胆碱。通过问卷收集补充剂信息。通过质谱法和商业免疫分析法定量测定血浆生物标志物，并通过线性模型确定与膳食和补充剂摄入量的关系。
每日膳食胆碱、叶酸和维生素 B12 的摄入量[平均值（SD）]分别为 249（94.3）mg、330（120）DFEμg 和 3.60（1.54）μg。胆碱和维生素 B12 的主要食物来源是乳制品、肉类和蛋类（63%-84%），而叶酸的主要食物来源是谷物、水果和蔬菜（67%）。超过一半的儿童（60%）正在服用含有 B 族维生素的补充剂，但不包括胆碱。只有 40%的儿童符合北美胆碱充足摄入量（AI）建议（≥250mg/d）；82%符合欧洲 AI（≥170mg/d）。不到 3%的儿童存在叶酸和维生素 B12 总摄入量不足的情况。一些儿童（5%）的总叶酸摄入量超过北美可耐受最高摄入量（UL；>400μg/d）；10%的儿童摄入量超过欧洲 UL（>300μg/d）。膳食胆碱摄入量与血浆二甲基甘氨酸呈正相关，总维生素 B12 摄入量与血浆 B12 呈正相关（调整模型；P<0.001）。
这些发现表明，许多儿童不符合膳食胆碱的推荐摄入量，一些儿童可能有过多的叶酸摄入量。在这个生长发育活跃的时期，一碳营养素摄入不平衡的影响需要进一步研究。
