Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Canada.
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Canada.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2023 May;148:105129. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105129. Epub 2023 Mar 11.
The startle response consists of whole-body muscle contractions, eye-blink, accelerated heart rate, and freezing in response to a strong, sudden stimulus. It is evolutionarily preserved and can be observed in any animal that can perceive sensory signals, indicating the important protective function of startle. Startle response measurements and its alterations have become a valuable tool for exploring sensorimotor processes and sensory gating, especially in the context of pathologies of psychiatric disorders. The last reviews on the neural substrates underlying acoustic startle were published around 20 years ago. Advancements in methods and techniques have since allowed new insights into acoustic startle mechanisms. This review is focused on the neural circuitry that drives the primary acoustic startle response in mammals. However, there have also been very successful efforts to identify the acoustic startle pathway in other vertebrates and invertebrates in the past decades, so at the end we briefly summarize these studies and comment on the similarities and differences between species.
惊跳反应包括全身肌肉收缩、眨眼、心率加速和对强烈、突然的刺激产生的冻结反应。它在进化上是保守的，可以在任何能够感知感觉信号的动物中观察到，表明惊跳反应具有重要的保护功能。惊跳反应的测量及其变化已经成为探索感觉运动过程和感觉门控的有价值的工具，特别是在精神障碍病理的背景下。大约 20 年前发表了关于声学惊跳反应的神经基础的最新评论。此后，方法和技术的进步使人们对声学惊跳机制有了新的认识。这篇综述主要关注驱动哺乳动物初级声学惊跳反应的神经回路。然而，在过去的几十年里，人们也非常成功地在其他脊椎动物和无脊椎动物中识别出了声学惊跳通路，因此在最后我们简要总结了这些研究，并对物种之间的相似性和差异性进行了评论。
