Wan Zaki Wan Mamat, Yahya Muhammad Syafiq, Norhisham Ahmad R, Sanusi Ruzana, van der Meer Peter J, Azhar Badrul
Department of Forestry Science and Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Laboratory of Bioresource Management, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Oecologia. 2023 Mar;201(3):863-875. doi: 10.1007/s00442-023-05348-3. Epub 2023 Mar 13.
Large-scale deforestation in the tropics, triggered by logging and subsequent agricultural monoculture has a significant adverse impact on biodiversity due to habitat degradation. Here, we measured the diversity of butterfly species in three agricultural landscapes, agroforestry orchards, oil palm, and rubber tree plantations. Butterfly species were counted at 127 sampling points over the course of a year using the point count method. We found that agroforestry orchards supported a greater number of butterfly species (74 species) compared to rubber tree (61 species) and oil palm plantations (54 species) which were dominated by generalist (73%) followed by forest specialists (27%). We found no significant difference of butterfly species composition between agroforestry orchards and rubber tree plantation, with both habitats associated with more butterfly species compared to oil palm plantations. This indicates butterflies were able to persist better in certain agricultural landscapes. GLMMs suggested that tree height, undergrowth coverage and height, and elevation determined butterfly diversity. Butterfly species richness was also influenced by season and landscape-level variables such as proximity to forest, mean NDVI, and habitat. Understanding the factors that contributed to butterfly species richness in an agroecosystem, stakeholders should consider management practices to improve biodiversity conservation such as ground vegetation management and retaining adjacent forest areas to enhance butterfly species richness. Furthermore, our findings suggest that agroforestry system should be considered to enhance biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.
由伐木及随后的农业单一栽培引发的热带地区大规模森林砍伐，因栖息地退化对生物多样性产生了重大不利影响。在此，我们测量了三种农业景观（农林果园、油棕种植园和橡胶种植园）中蝴蝶物种的多样性。在一年时间里，我们使用点计数法在127个采样点统计蝴蝶物种数量。我们发现，与橡胶种植园（61种）和油棕种植园（54种）相比，农林果园支持了更多的蝴蝶物种（74种），橡胶种植园和油棕种植园以广适性物种为主（73%），其次是森林特有物种（27%）。我们发现农林果园和橡胶种植园之间蝴蝶物种组成没有显著差异，这两种栖息地的蝴蝶物种都比油棕种植园多。这表明蝴蝶在某些农业景观中能够更好地生存。广义线性混合模型表明，树高、林下植被覆盖度和高度以及海拔决定了蝴蝶的多样性。蝴蝶物种丰富度还受季节以及景观层面变量的影响，如与森林的距离、平均归一化植被指数和栖息地。为了理解农业生态系统中促成蝴蝶物种丰富度的因素，利益相关者应考虑采取管理措施来改善生物多样性保护，如地面植被管理和保留相邻森林区域以提高蝴蝶物种丰富度。此外，我们的研究结果表明，应考虑采用农林复合系统来增强农业景观中的生物多样性。
