Department of Food Science and Technology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Chemistry, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Apr;30(17):48911-48927. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-26372-z. Epub 2023 Mar 15.
Malachite green (MG), an antibiotic with antifungal activity, is illegally used in aquaculture. Given that this chemical is teratogenic and mutagenic, abstinence from intake seems to be a need for public safety. The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the global contamination of fishes by MG and its reduced metabolite, leucomalachite green (LMG), in a number of marine and farmed fish species. For literature published prior to January 2022, several databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) were investigated. In total, 20 publications (10 countries, 724 samples) achieved the criteria for inclusion. The overall average MG and LMG concentrations were 0.48 (95% CI: 0.47, 0.49 µg kg) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.39, 0.79 µg/kg), respectively. Eel (M. albus) 15.50 (95% CI: (14.39, 45.39 µg kg) and eel (A. anguilla) 4.46 (95% CI: 1.23, 7.69 µg kg) had the greatest contamination of MG and LMG, according to the effect size, respectively. Warm-water fish had a concentration of 2.591 (95% CI: 2.25, 2.93 µg kg) while cold-water fish had a concentration of 1.55 (95% CI: 0.25, 2.84 µg kg). Fish containing medium-fat level of 1.86 (95% CI: 1.27, 2.44 µg kg) and high-fat content of 1.10 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.26 µg kg) had accumulate MG and LMG in their tissues, respectively. As a result, total MG observed in countries including China, Iran, and the Netherlands was higher than authorized (2 µg kg). The toxicity of MG and LMG demands more monitoring, especially in countries where these chemicals' residues are significant.
孔雀石绿（MG）是一种具有抗真菌活性的抗生素，在水产养殖中被非法使用。鉴于这种化学物质具有致畸性和致突变性，似乎需要公众避免摄入。本系统评价和荟萃分析的目的是确定在多种海洋和养殖鱼类物种中，MG 及其还原代谢物无色孔雀石绿（LMG）对鱼类的全球污染情况。对于 2022 年 1 月之前发表的文献，我们调查了多个数据库（Web of Science、PubMed 和 Scopus）。共有 20 篇出版物（来自 10 个国家/地区，724 个样本）符合纳入标准。MG 和 LMG 的总体平均浓度分别为 0.48（95%置信区间：0.47，0.49μg/kg）和 0.59（95%置信区间：0.39，0.79μg/kg）。按效应大小计算，鳗鱼（M. albus）的 MG 和 LMG 污染最大，分别为 15.50（95%置信区间：（14.39，45.39μg/kg）和鳗鱼（A. anguilla）的 4.46（95%置信区间：1.23，7.69μg/kg）。温水鱼的浓度为 2.591（95%置信区间：2.25，2.93μg/kg），冷水鱼的浓度为 1.55（95%置信区间：0.25，2.84μg/kg）。脂肪含量为中脂肪水平（1.86，95%置信区间：1.27，2.44μg/kg）和高脂肪含量（1.10，95%置信区间：0.93，1.26μg/kg）的鱼类组织中分别积累了 MG 和 LMG。因此，在中国、伊朗和荷兰等国家观察到的总 MG 高于规定值（2μg/kg）。MG 和 LMG 的毒性需要更多的监测，特别是在这些化学物质残留量较大的国家。
