Protective potential of the gallbladder in primary sclerosing cholangitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gallbladder enlargement is common in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The gallbladder may confer hepatoprotection against bile acid overload, through the sequestration and cholecystohepatic shunt of bile acids. The aim of this study was to assess the potential impact of the gallbladder on disease features and bile acid homeostasis in PSC.

METHODS

Patients with PSC from a single tertiary center who underwent liver MRI with three-dimensional cholangiography and concomitant analyses of serum bile acids were included. Gallbladder volume was measured by MRI and a cut-off of 50 ml was used to define gallbladder enlargement. Bile acid profiles and PSC severity, as assessed by blood tests and MRI features, were compared among patients according to gallbladder size (enlarged . normal-sized) or presence (removed conserved). The impact of cholecystectomy was also assessed in the knockout mouse model of PSC.

RESULTS

Sixty-one patients with PSC, all treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), were included. The gallbladder was enlarged in 30 patients, whereas 11 patients had been previously cholecystectomized. Patients with enlarged gallbladders had significantly lower alkaline phosphatase, a lower tauro- glycoconjugate ratio and a higher UDCA . total bile acid ratio compared to those with normal-sized gallbladders. In addition, gallbladder volume negatively correlated with the hydrophobicity index of bile acids. Cholecystectomized patients displayed significantly higher aspartate aminotransferase and more severe bile duct strictures and dilatations compared to those with conserved gallbladder. In the knockout mice, cholecystectomy caused an increase in hepatic bile acid content and in circulating secondary bile acids, and an aggravation in cholangitis, inflammation and liver fibrosis.

CONCLUSION

Altogether, our findings indicate that the gallbladder fulfills protective functions in PSC.

IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS

In patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), gallbladder status impacts on bile acid homeostasis and disease features. We found evidence of lessened bile acid toxicity in patients with PSC and enlarged gallbladders and of increased disease severity in those who were previously cholecystectomized. In the knockout mouse model of PSC, cholecystectomy causes an aggravation of cholangitis and liver fibrosis. Overall, our results suggest that the gallbladder plays a protective role in PSC.