Pandey Sandeep, Karakoti Manoj, Bhardwaj Dinesh, Tatrari Gaurav, Sharma Richa, Pandey Lata, Lee Man-Jong, Sahoo Nanda Gopal
Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
Liquid Crystals Research Center, Konkuk University Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea.
Nanoscale Adv. 2023 Feb 17;5(6):1492-1526. doi: 10.1039/d3na00005b. eCollection 2023 Mar 14.
Presently, carbon-based nanomaterials have shown tremendous potential for energy conversion applications. Especially, carbon-based materials have emerged as excellent candidates for the fabrication of halide perovskite-based solar cells, which may lead to their commercialization. In the last decade, PSCs have rapidly developed, and these hybrid devices demonstrate a comparable performance to silicon-based solar cells in terms of power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, PSCs lag behind silicon-based solar cells due to their poor stability and durability. Generally, noble metals such gold and silver are employed as back electrode materials during the fabrication of PSCs. However, the use of these expensive rare metals is associated with some issues, urgently necessitating the search for cost-effective materials, which can realize the commercial applications of PSCs due to their interesting properties. Thus, the present review shows how carbon-based materials can become the main candidates for the development of highly efficient and stable PSCs. Carbon-based materials such as carbon black, graphite, graphene nanosheets (2D/3D), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon dots, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and carbon nanosheets show potential for the laboratory and large-scale fabrication of solar cells and modules. Carbon-based PSCs can achieve efficient and long-term stability for both rigid and flexible substrates because of their high conductivity and excellent hydrophobicity, thus showing good results in comparison to metal electrode-based PSCs. Thus, the present review also demonstrates and discusses the latest state-of-the-art and recent advances for carbon-based PSCs. Furthermore, we present perspectives on the cost-effective synthesis of carbon-based materials for the broader view of the future sustainability of carbon-based PSCs.
目前，碳基纳米材料在能量转换应用中已展现出巨大潜力。特别是，碳基材料已成为制造卤化物钙钛矿基太阳能电池的极佳候选材料，这可能会推动其商业化。在过去十年中，钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）迅速发展，这些混合器件在功率转换效率（PCE）方面表现出与硅基太阳能电池相当的性能。然而，由于稳定性和耐久性较差，PSCs落后于硅基太阳能电池。通常，在PSCs制造过程中使用金和银等贵金属作为背电极材料。然而，使用这些昂贵的稀有金属存在一些问题，迫切需要寻找具有成本效益的材料，这些材料因其有趣的特性可实现PSCs的商业应用。因此，本综述展示了碳基材料如何成为高效稳定的PSCs开发的主要候选材料。诸如炭黑、石墨、石墨烯纳米片（二维/三维）、碳纳米管（CNTs）、碳点、石墨烯量子点（GQDs）和碳纳米片等碳基材料在太阳能电池及组件的实验室和大规模制造中显示出潜力。碳基PSCs由于其高导电性和优异的疏水性，可在刚性和柔性基板上实现高效和长期稳定性，因此与基于金属电极的PSCs相比显示出良好的效果。因此，本综述还展示并讨论了碳基PSCs的最新技术水平和最新进展。此外，我们从更广阔的视角展望了碳基材料的经济高效合成，以实现碳基PSCs未来的可持续发展。
