Department of Medical Records and Statistics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Apr;30(19):57103-57113. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-26421-7. Epub 2023 Mar 17.
Environmental phenols are well known as emerging endocrine-disrupting chemicals; however, their impacts on sex hormone homeostasis among pre- and postmenopausal women remain unknown. Our objective was to evaluate independent and combined relationships between phenol levels in urine and sex steroid hormones among 323 premenopausal women and 263 postmenopausal women from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2016. A total of 10 phenol concentrations in urine were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Serum concentrations of estradiol and total testosterone were measured by LC-MS/MS and serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations were measured using an immunofluorometric assay. Multivariable linear regression models were conducted to explore associations of individual phenol concentration in urine with natural logarithm-transformed serum hormone levels. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model was conducted to evaluate phenol mixtures exposure in association with sex hormones among pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively. Considering both single-chemical models and multiple-chemical models, each doubling of urinary BPS concentration was significantly inversely related to serum SHBG concentration in premenopausal women (percent change: -6.70%, 95% confidence interval, CI: -11.12%, -2.73%; P = 0.002). Moreover, every doubling of urinary BP-3 concentration was significantly positively associated with SHBG level in serum (percent change: 3.53%, 95%CI: 0.70%, 5.70%; P = 0.008). Regarding postmenopausal women, inverse associations between urinary BPS levels and serum estradiol concentrations were observed (percent change: -8.62%, 95% CI: -15.33%, -2.06%; P = 0.012). The results revealed that BPS and BP-3 exposure may adversely disrupt sex hormone homeostasis at the current exposure levels among women in the USA. The findings and their underlying mechanisms are warranted to be confirmed and comprehensively interpreted in further epidemiological and experimental studies.
环境酚类物质是众所周知的新兴内分泌干扰化学物质; 然而，它们对绝经前和绝经后妇女性激素稳态的影响尚不清楚。我们的目的是评估尿液中酚类物质水平与来自国家健康和营养检查调查 (NHANES) 2015-2016 年的 323 名绝经前妇女和 263 名绝经后妇女的性激素之间的独立和联合关系。使用液相色谱-串联质谱法 (LC-MS/MS) 定量了尿液中的 10 种酚类物质浓度。通过 LC-MS/MS 测量血清雌二醇和总睾酮浓度，并用免疫荧光测定法测量血清性激素结合球蛋白 (SHBG) 浓度。进行多变量线性回归模型以探讨尿液中单个酚浓度与自然对数转换的血清激素水平之间的关联。贝叶斯核机器回归 (BKMR) 模型分别用于评估绝经前和绝经后妇女中酚类混合物暴露与性激素之间的关系。考虑到单化学物质模型和多化学物质模型，尿液中 BPS 浓度每增加一倍，绝经前妇女血清 SHBG 浓度显著呈负相关 (百分比变化：-6.70%，95%置信区间，CI：-11.12%，-2.73%；P = 0.002)。此外，尿液中 BP-3 浓度每增加一倍，与血清 SHBG 水平呈显著正相关 (百分比变化：3.53%，95%CI：0.70%，5.70%；P = 0.008)。对于绝经后妇女，观察到尿液中 BPS 水平与血清雌二醇浓度之间存在负相关 (百分比变化：-8.62%，95%CI：-15.33%，-2.06%；P = 0.012)。结果表明，在美国女性中，目前的暴露水平下，BPS 和 BP-3 暴露可能会对性激素稳态产生不利影响。需要在进一步的流行病学和实验研究中证实和全面解释这些发现及其潜在机制。
