Using a human factors framework to assess clinician perceptions of and barriers to high reliability in hand hygiene.

BACKGROUND

Hand hygiene (HH) is critical to prevent health care-associated infections (HAIs). Clinician perspectives on maintaining high reliability are poorly defined.

METHODS

We surveyed physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants to understand perceptions of and barriers to high reliability in HH. The Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety 2.0 model was used to develop an electronic survey exploring 6 human factors engineering (HFE) domains.

RESULTS

Among 61 respondents, 70% perceived HH as "essential" to patient safety. While 87% reported alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) availability as very effective in improving HH reliability, 77% reported dispensers to be "sometimes" or "often" empty. Clinicians in surgery/anesthesia were more likely than those in medical specialties to note skin irritation from ABHR (OR 4.94; 95% CI 1.37-17.81) and less likely to believe feedback was effective in improving HH (OR 0.26; 95% CI 0.08-0.88). One quarter of respondents indicated the layout of patient care areas was not conducive to performing HH. Staffing shortages and the pace and demands of work precluded HH for 15% and 11% of respondents, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Aspects of organizational culture, environment, tasks, and tools were identified as barriers to high reliability in HH. HFE principles can be applied to more effectively promote HH.