Multi-component emission characteristics and high-resolution emission inventory of non-road construction equipment (NRCE) in China.

With the continuous abatement of industries and vehicles in the past years in China, the comprehensive understanding and scientific control of non-road construction equipment (NRCE) may play an important role in alleviating PM and O pollution in the next stage. In this study, the emission rates of CO, HC, NOx, PM, CO and the component profiles of HC and PM from 3 loaders, 8 excavators and 4 forklifts under different operating conditions were tested for a systematic representation of NRCE emission characteristics. With the fusion of field tests, construction land types and population distributions, the NRCE emission inventory with a 0.1° × 0.1° resolution in nationwide and with a 0.01° × 0.01° resolution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTH) were established. The sample testing results suggested prominent differences in instantaneous emission rates and the composition characteristics among different equipment and under different operating modes. Generally, for NRCE, the dominant components are OC and EC for PM, and HC and olefin for OVOC. Especially, the proportion of olefins in idling mode is much higher than that in working mode. The measurement-based emission factors of various equipment exceeded the Stage III standard to varying degrees. The high-resolution emission inventory suggested that highly developed central and eastern areas, represented by BTH, showed the most prominent emissions in China. This study is a systematic representations of China's NRCE emissions, and the NRCE emission inventory establishment method with multiple data fusion has important methodological reference value for other emission sources.