Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, New Hampshire, USA.
Environ Res. 2023 Jun 1;226:115703. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115703. Epub 2023 Mar 17.
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as flame retardants and plasticizers in various consumer products. Limited prior research suggests sex-specific effects of prenatal OPE exposures on fetal development. We evaluated overall and sex-specific associations between prenatal OPE exposures and gestational age (GA) at birth and birthweight for gestational age (BW for GA) z-scores among the predominately low-income, Hispanic MADRES cohort.
Nine OPE metabolite concentrations were measured in 421 maternal urine samples collected during a third trimester visit (GA = 31.5 ± 2.0 weeks). We examined associations between single urinary OPE metabolites and GA at birth and BW for GA z-scores using linear regression models and Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) and effects from OPE mixtures using Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR). We also assessed sex-specific differences in single metabolite analyses by evaluating statistical interactions and stratifying by sex.
We did not find significant associations between individual OPE metabolites and birth outcomes in the full infant sample; however, we found that higher bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) was associated with earlier GA at birth among male infants (p = 0.04), and a nonlinear, inverted U-shape association between the sum of dibutyl phosphate and di-isobutyl phosphate (DNBP + DIBP) and GA at birth among female infants (p = 0.03). In mixtures analysis, higher OPE metabolite mixture exposures was associated with lower GA at birth, which was primarily driven by female infants. No associations were observed between OPE mixtures and BW for GA z-scores.
Higher BDCIPP and DNBP + DIBP concentrations were associated with earlier GA at birth among male and female infants, respectively. Higher exposure to OPE mixtures was associated with earlier GA at birth, particularly among female infants. However, we saw no associations between prenatal OPEs and BW for GA. Our results suggest sex-specific impacts of prenatal OPE exposures on GA at birth.
有机磷酸酯 (OPE) 作为阻燃剂和增塑剂用于各种消费品。有限的先前研究表明，产前 OPE 暴露对胎儿发育有性别特异性影响。我们评估了在以西班牙裔为主的低收入 MADRES 队列中，产前 OPE 暴露与出生时的胎龄 (GA) 和出生体重与 GA 比值 (BW for GA) z 分数之间的总体和性别特异性关联。
在第三次孕期访问时收集了 421 名孕妇的尿液样本，共测量了 9 种 OPE 代谢物浓度 (GA = 31.5 ± 2.0 周)。我们使用线性回归模型和广义加性模型 (GAMs) 以及贝叶斯核机器回归 (BKMR) 评估了单个尿 OPE 代谢物与出生时 GA 和 BW for GA z 分数之间的关系。我们还通过评估统计相互作用和按性别分层，在单一代谢物分析中评估了性别特异性差异。
我们在全婴儿样本中没有发现单个 OPE 代谢物与出生结局之间存在显著关联；然而，我们发现，男性婴儿中，较高的双 (1,3-二氯-2-丙基) 磷酸酯 (BDCIPP) 与出生时 GA 较早有关 (p = 0.04)，而女性婴儿中，二丁基磷酸酯和二异丁基磷酸酯 (DNBP + DIBP) 的总和与出生时 GA 之间呈非线性倒置 U 形关联 (p = 0.03)。在混合物分析中，较高的 OPE 代谢物混合物暴露与出生时 GA 较低有关，这主要是由于女婴。没有观察到 OPE 混合物与 BW for GA z 分数之间的关联。
较高的 BDCIPP 和 DNBP + DIBP 浓度与男性和女性婴儿的出生时 GA 较早有关，分别。较高的 OPE 混合物暴露与出生时 GA 较早有关，特别是在女婴中。然而，我们没有观察到产前 OPE 与 BW for GA 之间的关联。我们的研究结果表明，产前 OPE 暴露对出生时 GA 有性别特异性影响。
