Rainio Miia J, Margus Aigi, Tikka Santtu, Helander Marjo, Lindström Leena
Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
J Insect Physiol. 2023 Apr;146:104503. doi: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104503. Epub 2023 Mar 17.
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most frequently used herbicides worldwide. The use of GBHs is intended to tackle weeds, but GBHs have been shown to affect the life-history traits and antioxidant defense system of invertebrates found in agroecosystems. Thus far, the effects of GBHs on detoxification pathways among invertebrates have not been sufficiently investigated. We performed two different experiments-1) the direct pure glyphosate and GBH treatment, and 2) the indirect GBH experiment via food-to examine the possible effects of environmentally relevant GBH levels on the survival of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and the expression profiles of their detoxification genes. As candidate genes, we selected four cytochrome P450 (CYP), three glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and two acetylcholinesterase (AChE) genes that are known to be related to metabolic or target-site resistances in insects. We showed that environmentally relevant levels of pure glyphosate and GBH increased the probability for higher mortality in the Colorado potato beetle larvae in the direct experiment, but not in the indirect experiment. The GBHs or glyphosate did not affect the expression profiles of the studied CYP, GST, or AChE genes; however, we found a large family-level variation in expression profiles in both the direct and indirect treatment experiments. These results suggest that the genes selected for this study may not be the ones expressed in response to glyphosate or GBHs. It is also possible that the relatively short exposure time did not affect gene expression profiles, or the response may have already occurred at a shorter exposure time. Our results show that glyphosate products may affect the survival of the herbivorous insect already at lower levels, depending on their sensitivity to pesticides.
草甘膦基除草剂（GBHs）是全球使用最频繁的除草剂。使用GBHs旨在除草，但已证明GBHs会影响农业生态系统中无脊椎动物的生活史特征和抗氧化防御系统。迄今为止，GBHs对无脊椎动物解毒途径的影响尚未得到充分研究。我们进行了两项不同的实验——1）直接使用纯草甘膦和GBH处理，以及2）通过食物进行间接GBH实验——以研究与环境相关的GBH水平对科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫（Leptinotarsa decemlineata）存活以及其解毒基因表达谱的可能影响。作为候选基因，我们选择了四个已知与昆虫代谢或靶标位点抗性相关的细胞色素P450（CYP）、三个谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GST）和两个乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）基因。我们发现，在直接实验中，与环境相关水平的纯草甘膦和GBH增加了科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫幼虫更高死亡率的概率，但在间接实验中并非如此。GBHs或草甘膦并未影响所研究的CYP、GST或AChE基因的表达谱；然而，我们在直接和间接处理实验中均发现了基因表达谱在家族水平上的巨大差异。这些结果表明，本研究选择的基因可能不是对草甘膦或GBHs产生响应而表达的基因。也有可能相对较短的暴露时间并未影响基因表达谱，或者响应可能在更短的暴露时间就已发生。我们的结果表明，草甘膦产品可能在较低水平就已影响食草昆虫的存活，这取决于它们对农药的敏感性。
