Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
Innovation Centre for Organic Farming, ICOEL, Denmark.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Jun 15;877:162858. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162858. Epub 2023 Mar 20.
Finding new and sustainable proteinaceous feed ingredients, especially those produced from locally available resources, is at the top of the agenda of many countries, including Denmark, to become feed protein self-sufficient. Protein concentrate (PC) production via the biorefining of green biomass has attracted considerable interest in recent years since they are more land efficient and productive than soybeans. The biorefining of clover-grass into protein concentrate (GPC) is a promising substitute for soybean and soybean meal, however, the environmental impacts of GPC have not been studied. The Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) method, developed by EU Joint Research Centre for the "Single Market for Green Products Initiative" was employed to assess the environmental footprints of organic GPC. The instructions, methodology, and guidelines detailed in Product Environmental Footprint Category Rules (PEFCR) Feed for Food-Producing Animals were followed to implement this PEF study. The results were intended for in-house management, process improvement, early guidance on the environmental footprint (EF) of compound feeds containing GPC, and the EF of livestock and animal production whose feed ration contains GPC. Our results showed that GPC would have a climate change impact of 1091.47 kg CO,eq/t GPC. We found that farming/cultivation, more specifically direct emissions from manure slurry, dominated most impact categories, including acidification and eutrophication. The results were found sensitive to the choice of allocation method and very case-specific. For instance, the climate change impact of GPC was higher under economic allocation than direct substation, but the acidification impact was lower in economic allocation than direct substitution. However, the direct substitution method, showed that treating the process residues in biogas plants could result in GPC with lower EFs. The sensitivity analysis confirmed that increasing the clover-grass productivity and decreasing either manure slurry application or nitrogenous emissions from its application are the keys to further decreasing the overall environmental impacts.
寻找新的可持续的蛋白质饲料原料，特别是那些来自当地可用资源的原料，是许多国家的首要任务，包括丹麦，以使饲料蛋白质自给自足。近年来，通过绿色生物质的生物炼制生产蛋白质浓缩物（PC）引起了相当大的兴趣，因为它们比大豆更高效和高产。三叶草-草的生物炼制生产蛋白质浓缩物（GPC）是大豆和豆粕的有前途的替代品，然而，GPC 的环境影响尚未得到研究。欧盟联合研究中心为“绿色产品单一市场倡议”开发的产品环境足迹（PEF）方法被用于评估有机 GPC 的环境足迹。遵循产品环境足迹类别规则（PEFCR）饲料为食品生产动物中的说明、方法和指南来实施这项 PEF 研究。研究结果旨在供内部管理、流程改进、早期指导含有 GPC 的配合饲料的环境足迹（EF）以及含有 GPC 的饲料日粮的牲畜和动物生产的 EF 使用。我们的结果表明，GPC 的气候变化影响将达到 1091.47 千克 COeq/t GPC。我们发现，农业/种植，更具体地说是粪肥浆的直接排放，主导着大多数影响类别，包括酸化和富营养化。结果对分配方法的选择和具体情况非常敏感。例如，在经济分配下，GPC 的气候变化影响高于直接替代，但在经济分配下，GPC 的酸化影响低于直接替代。然而，直接替代方法表明，在沼气厂处理工艺残留物可以使 GPC 的 EF 更低。敏感性分析证实，提高三叶草-草的生产力，减少粪肥浆的应用或其应用的氮排放量，是进一步降低整体环境影响的关键。
