Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapua University, Manila 1002, Philippines; School of Graduate Studies, Mapua University, Manila 1002, Philippines.
Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Jan 10;907:167943. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167943. Epub 2023 Oct 19.
The consistent population growth is directly tied to the annual rise in livestock production, placing a substantial burden on the crop sector that supplies animal feed. The Danish government has been relying on importing soybeans and soybean meal to be used as animal feed. However, this sparked environmental concerns that require more environmentally friendly solutions, such as self-sufficiency in animal feed production. The rise of green biorefineries allows new avenues of animal proteinaceous feed production using green biomass to produce leaf protein concentrate (LPC) and utilize side-stream products, such as brown juice and press cake, for feed-quality products. This study evaluated the combination of grass-clover biorefinery and the power-to-X concept, including power-to-protein technology, for its environmental sustainability through a consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA). The production of protein concentrate from organic grass clover exhibits optimal environmental performance when press cake and brown juice are used for bioenergy recovery. The findings indicate that combining a green biorefinery with power-to-protein to fully valorize the carbon and nitrogen content of brown juice and press cake into feed-grade protein can increase the environmental benefits. Such an integration resulted in an avoided impact of -995.9 kg CO-eq/tonne of protein concentrate. The avoided impacts of climate change could be higher within the first 20 years due to a higher carbon sequestration rate. However, even after 20 years when a new carbon balance in the soil is reached, the environmental gain could be big enough to encourage the production and use of organic grass-clover protein concentrate.
人口的持续增长与牲畜产量的逐年上升直接相关，这给供应动物饲料的农作物部门带来了巨大的负担。丹麦政府一直依赖进口大豆和豆粕作为动物饲料。然而，这引发了人们对环境的担忧，需要寻找更环保的解决方案，例如实现动物饲料生产的自给自足。绿色生物精炼厂的兴起为使用绿色生物质生产叶蛋白浓缩物（LPC）并利用侧流产品（如棕色汁液和压榨饼）生产动物蛋白饲料开辟了新途径。本研究通过基于影响的生命周期评估（CLCA）评估了草苜蓿生物精炼厂与能源到 X 概念（包括能源到蛋白质技术）相结合的环境可持续性。当压榨饼和棕色汁液用于生物能源回收时，从有机三叶草中生产蛋白浓缩物表现出最佳的环境性能。研究结果表明，将绿色生物精炼厂与能源到蛋白质相结合，充分利用棕色汁液和压榨饼中的碳和氮含量，将其转化为饲料级蛋白质，可以提高环境效益。这种整合使得避免了 995.9 公斤二氧化碳当量/吨蛋白浓缩物的影响。由于更高的碳封存率，在最初的 20 年内，气候变化的避免影响可能更高。然而，即使在 20 年后土壤达到新的碳平衡时，环境效益也可能足够大，从而鼓励有机三叶草蛋白浓缩物的生产和使用。
