Innovations in the Management of the Difficult Airway: A Narrative Review.

The difficult airway (DA) remains a perpetual challenge and its implications have led to multiple advances, technological and otherwise in this area. This article investigates the latest developments in the definition, prediction tools and diagnostics like airway and neck Ultrasonography (USG), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computed tomography (CT) scans, preoperative Virtual endoscopy (VE) and 3D printing. Innovations in airway devices and adjuncts are analysed. Difficult airway society (DAS) guidelines, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) Practice Guidelines and Vortex approach for the management of DA are explored. Other breakthroughs include novel oxygen supplementation techniques throughout airway management and tools like Anaesthesia Information Management Systems (AIMS) and Clinical Decision Support (CDS) systems. The delivery of DA training and patient counselling has also undergone vast changes with emerging technology like Virtual Reality (VR), mobile applications and toolkits. The enormous, ever-evolving and endless possibilities in this area have only helped improve clinical standards and enhance patient safety.