Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
University of Cape Town Research Unit on the Economics of Excisable Products, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa.
BMJ Open. 2023 Mar 22;13(3):e062476. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062476.
This study aims to measure the extent of illicit cigarette consumption from single stick sales, to determine the nature and types of illicit cigarettes present in Ghana, and to identify the factors associated with illicit cigarette consumption in Ghana.
A cross-sectional study using empty cigarette packs generated by 1 day's single stick cigarette sales collected from cigarette vendors.
Five large cities (Accra, Kumasi, Takoradi, Tamale and Bolgatanga) and three border towns (Aflao, Paga/Hamele and Elubo) in the northern, middle and coastal belt of Ghana.
Ten areas were randomly selected in each city/town, and all shops selling cigarettes within 1 km of the central point were surveyed.
(1) Estimates of the share of illicit cigarette packs in the total cigarette sales from vendors selling single stick cigarettes in Ghana; (2) nature and types of illicit cigarette packs; (3) factors associated with illicit cigarette sales in Ghana.
Of a total of 4461 packs, about 20% (95% CI 18.3 to 20.7) were found to be illicit. Aflao (Ghana-Togo border) and Tamale (Ghana-Burkina Faso border) had the highest percentage of illicit cigarette sales at 99% and 46%, respectively (p<0.001). Over half of the illicit packs originated from Togo (51%), followed by Nigeria (15%) and then Cote d'Ivoire (10%). Adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression models indicated that convenience stores, border towns, pack price and the northern zone had higher odds of illicit cigarette sales.
To effectively tackle illicit cigarettes, market surveillance and strengthening supply chain control are required, particularly at the border towns and the northern region of the country.
本研究旨在通过对单支香烟销售的非法香烟消费程度进行测量，确定加纳存在的非法香烟的性质和类型，并确定与加纳非法香烟消费相关的因素。
使用从香烟小贩处收集的 1 天的单支香烟销售产生的空香烟盒进行的横断面研究。
加纳北部、中部和沿海地带的五个大城市（阿克拉、库马西、塔科拉迪、塔马利和博尔加坦加）和三个边境城镇（阿弗洛、帕加/哈梅勒和埃卢博）。
在每个城市/城镇随机选择 10 个区域，并对距离中心点 1 公里范围内销售香烟的所有商店进行调查。
（1）加纳销售单支香烟的小贩总香烟销售额中非法香烟包的估计份额；（2）非法香烟包的性质和类型；（3）加纳非法香烟销售相关的因素。
在总共 4461 个烟盒中，约有 20%（95%CI 18.3 至 20.7）被发现是非法的。阿弗洛（加纳-多哥边境）和塔马利（加纳-布基纳法索边境）的非法香烟销售比例最高，分别为 99%和 46%（p<0.001）。超过一半的非法烟盒来自多哥（51%），其次是尼日利亚（15%）和科特迪瓦（10%）。调整和未调整的逻辑回归模型表明，便利店、边境城镇、包装价格和北部地区的非法香烟销售几率更高。
为了有效打击非法香烟，需要进行市场监测并加强供应链控制，特别是在边境城镇和该国北部地区。
