Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Addiction. 2017 Oct;112(10):1854-1860. doi: 10.1111/add.13881. Epub 2017 Jun 26.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: To estimate and compare price differences between legal and illicit cigarettes in 14 low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).
A cross-sectional census of all packs available on the market was purchased.
Cigarette packs were purchased in formal retail settings in three major cities in each of 14 LMIC: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, the Philippines, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine and Vietnam.
A total of 3240 packs were purchased (range = 58 packs in Egypt to 505 in Russia). Packs were categorized as 'legal' or 'illicit' based on the presence of a health warning label from the country of purchase and existence of a tax stamp; 2468 legal and 772 illicit packs were in the analysis.
Descriptive statistics stratified by country, city and neighborhood socio-economic status were used to explore the association between price and legal status of cigarettes.
The number of illicit cigarettes in the sample setting was small (n < 5) in five countries (Brazil, Egypt, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia) and excluded from analysis. In the remaining nine countries, the median purchase price of legal cigarettes ranged from US$0.32 in Pakistan (n = 72) to US$3.24 in Turkey (n = 242); median purchase price of illicit cigarettes ranged from US$0.80 in Ukraine (n = 14) to US$3.08 in India (n = 41). The difference in median price between legal and illicit packs as a percentage of the price of legal packs ranged from 32% in Philippines to 455% in Bangladesh. Median purchase price of illicit cigarette packs was higher than that of legal cigarette packs in six countries (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam). Median purchase price of illicit packs was lower than that of legal packs in Turkey, Ukraine and China.
The median purchase price of illicit cigarettes is higher than that of legal cigarette packs in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam, Brazil, Egypt, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia appear to have few or no illicit cigarettes for purchase from formal, urban retailers.
背景/目的：估计并比较 14 个低收入和中等收入国家（LMIC）中合法和非法香烟之间的价格差异。
对市场上所有可供购买的香烟进行了横断面普查。
在 14 个 LMIC 的三个主要城市的正规零售点购买香烟：孟加拉国、巴西、中国、埃及、印度、印度尼西亚、墨西哥、巴基斯坦、菲律宾、俄罗斯、泰国、土耳其、乌克兰和越南。
共购买了 3240 包香烟（范围从埃及的 58 包到俄罗斯的 505 包）。根据购买国的健康警示标签的存在和税收印花的存在，将包装分为“合法”或“非法”；分析中包括 2468 个合法和 772 个非法包装。
按国家、城市和社区社会经济地位进行分层的描述性统计，用于探索香烟价格与合法地位之间的关系。
在五个国家（巴西、埃及、印度尼西亚、墨西哥和俄罗斯）中，样本设置中非法香烟的数量较少（n<5），因此被排除在分析之外。在其余九个国家中，合法香烟的中位购买价格范围从巴基斯坦的 0.32 美元（n=72）到土耳其的 3.24 美元（n=242）；非法香烟的中位购买价格范围从乌克兰的 0.80 美元（n=14）到印度的 3.08 美元（n=41）。合法和非法包装之间的中位价格差异作为合法包装价格的百分比，从菲律宾的 32%到孟加拉国的 455%不等。六个国家（孟加拉国、印度、巴基斯坦、菲律宾、泰国和越南）的非法香烟中位购买价格高于合法香烟。在土耳其、乌克兰和中国，非法包装的中位购买价格低于合法包装。
在孟加拉国、印度、巴基斯坦、菲律宾、泰国和越南，非法香烟的中位购买价格高于合法香烟包装，而在巴西、埃及、印度尼西亚、墨西哥和俄罗斯，从正规城市零售商处购买非法香烟的情况似乎很少或根本没有。
