The Impact of Low Socioeconomic Status on Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease in Low- and Lower Middle-Income Countries.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing in prevalence and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, especially in low- and lower middle-income countries (LLMICs). Risk factors for CKD are numerous and may start in utero through to adulthood. Low socioeconomic status increases the risk of CKD and contributes to late presentation and suboptimal management especially in LLMICs. This leads to progression to kidney failure with associated increased mortality when kidney replacement therapy is required. Poor socioeconomic status may be the most important contributor to disease progression to kidney failure, especially in LLMICs, and may complicate other risk factors such as acute kidney injury, genetic risk, sickle cell disease, cardiovascular risk, and infections such as HIV. In this review, we explore the impact of low socioeconomic status on the increase in incidence and prevalence of CKD in LLMICs from in utero to adulthood, as well as mechanisms leading to increased burden, faster progression, and significant morbidity and mortality from CKD, especially in the absence of affordable, accessible, and optimum kidney replacement therapy.