Insects Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
Natural History Museum of Denmark, SCIENCE, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
Curr Opin Insect Sci. 2023 Apr;56:101026. doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101026. Epub 2023 Mar 24.
Parasitoid wasps are the most successful group of insect parasitoids, comprising more than half the known diversity of Hymenoptera and probably most of the unknown diversity. This lifestyle has enabled them to be used as pest control agents conferring substantial economic benefits to global agriculture. Major lineages of parasitoid wasps include Ichneumonoidea, Ceraphronoidea, Proctotrupomorpha, and a number of aculeate families. The parasitoid lifestyle arose only once among basal Hymenoptera, in the common ancestor of the Orussidae and Apocrita some 200+ Ma ago. The ancestral parasitoid wasp was probably an idiobiont on wood-living beetle larvae. From this comparatively simple biology, Hymenoptera radiated into an incredible diversity of hosts and parasitoid lifestyles, including hyperparasitoidism, kleptoparasitoidism, egg parasitoidism, and polyembryony, in several instances co-opting viruses to subdue their hosts. Many lineages evolved beyond the parasitoid niche, becoming secondarily herbivorous or predatory nest provisioners and eventually giving rise to most instances of insect societies.
寄生蜂是昆虫寄生者中最成功的群体，它们构成了膜翅目昆虫一半以上的已知多样性，可能还包括大部分未知的多样性。这种生活方式使它们能够被用作害虫防治剂，为全球农业带来巨大的经济效益。寄生蜂的主要类群包括细腰亚目、小蜂总科、原尾目和一些刺尾目科。寄生蜂的生活方式仅在膜翅目基部的一个分支中出现，即在大约 200 多 Ma 前，在褶翅小蜂科和广腹细腰蜂科的共同祖先中出现。寄生蜂的祖先可能是一种寄生于木质甲虫幼虫的拟寄生生物。从这种相对简单的生物学基础上，膜翅目昆虫辐射出了令人难以置信的宿主和寄生蜂生活方式的多样性，包括重寄生、盗寄生、卵寄生和多胚生殖，在某些情况下还利用病毒来制服它们的宿主。许多类群超越了寄生蜂的生态位，成为次生的植食性或捕食性巢内供应者，最终导致了大多数昆虫社会的出现。
