Recent trends in chronic pain medicine.

Chronic pain presents as an unequalled challenge for physicians, owing to the complexity of biochemical and biological pathways involved in pain transmission and high variability of pain perception among individuals. Often, there is an inadequate response to conservative treatment, and opioid treatment has its own drawbacks, such as side effects and opioid dependence. Hence, novel strategies have evolved for the effective and safe management of chronic pain. Radiofrequency technique, regenerative biomaterial, platelet-rich plasma, mesenchymal stem cells, reactive oxygen species scavenger nanomaterial, ultrasound-guided interventional pain management procedures, endoscopic spinal procedures, vertebral augmentation therapy, and neuromodulation are some of the promising and upcoming modalities in the armamentarium of pain physicians.