Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
Department of Kinesiology, Albion College, MI.
J Athl Train. 2023 Sep 1;58(9):775-780. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-0536.22.
Researchers have indicated that individuals may experience anxiety symptoms after concussion. A potential mechanism for these presentations is shifts in anxiety throughout recovery.
To examine the levels of state and trait anxiety in individuals after concussion throughout recovery compared with the levels in individuals serving as uninjured matched control participants.
Prospective cohort study.
University laboratory.
Seventy-eight high school- and college-aged individuals (concussion group = 39, age = 18.4 ± 2.3 years; matched control group = 39, age = 18.4 ± 2.3 years) were enrolled.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered within 72 hours of injury (day 0: first test session), 5 days (±1 day) after the first test session (day 5), and at the time of full medical clearance (+2 days). Separate 2 × 3 repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to investigate differences in state and trait anxiety for each group throughout recovery.
State and trait anxiety were higher in the concussion group than in the control group at day 0, day 5, and full medical clearance. For state anxiety, we observed a group × time interaction (F2,150 = 10.45, P < .001, ƞp2 = 0.12). For trait anxiety, we did not note an interaction (F1.74,150 = 1.5, P = .22, ƞp2 = 0.02) but did find main effects for time (F1.74,150 = 25.7, P < .001, ƞp2 = 0.3) and group (F1,75 = 7.23, P = .01, ƞp2 = 0.09).
Participants with concussion experienced higher levels of state anxiety throughout recovery than matched control individuals. Although trait anxiety was higher in the concussion group and decreased over time, no interaction was seen, demonstrating that concussion may not affect this aspect of personality. Postinjury anxiety may result from increased state anxiety, and clinicians should screen for and manage these symptoms throughout recovery.
研究人员表明，个体在脑震荡后可能会出现焦虑症状。这些表现的一个潜在机制是焦虑在恢复过程中的变化。
与未受伤的匹配对照组相比，在整个恢复过程中检查脑震荡后个体的状态和特质焦虑水平。
前瞻性队列研究。
大学实验室。
共纳入 78 名高中生和大学生（脑震荡组=39 名，年龄=18.4±2.3 岁；匹配对照组=39 名，年龄=18.4±2.3 岁）。
状态-特质焦虑量表在损伤后 72 小时内（第 0 天：第一次测试）、第一次测试后 5 天（±1 天）（第 5 天）和完全医疗清除时（+2 天）进行测试。使用 2×3 重复测量方差分析分别研究每个组在整个恢复过程中状态和特质焦虑的差异。
脑震荡组在第 0 天、第 5 天和完全医疗清除时的状态和特质焦虑均高于对照组。对于状态焦虑，我们观察到组间×时间的交互作用（F2,150=10.45，P<.001，ηp2=0.12）。对于特质焦虑，我们没有发现交互作用（F1.74,150=1.5，P=0.22，ηp2=0.02），但确实发现了时间（F1.74,150=25.7，P<.001，ηp2=0.3）和组（F1,75=7.23，P=0.01，ηp2=0.09）的主要影响。
脑震荡参与者在整个恢复过程中经历了更高水平的状态焦虑，而与匹配的对照组相比。尽管脑震荡组的特质焦虑较高，且随时间降低，但未观察到交互作用，这表明脑震荡可能不会影响人格的这一方面。受伤后焦虑可能是由于状态焦虑增加所致，临床医生应在整个恢复过程中筛查和管理这些症状。
